Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
type: channel
description: Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering (IJCE) is a scientific journal in Civil Engineering Sciences. The journal aims to publish original and valuable research articles on the latest innovations in civil engineering. IJCE is published by the University of Anbar- College of engineering under the regulations of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research since 2005 and it is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0.The journal is open access and a double-blind peer-review journal and it is issued quarterly.
publisher: University of Anbar
language: en
publication name: Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
issn: 1992-7428
items: Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbon Fibers Reinforced Modified Foamed Concrete
items: Structural Performance of Ferrocement Beams containing Plastic Waste Fibers and Longitudinal Holes Filled with Lightweight Concrete
items: The detection of Agricultural Land Changes Using Deep learning and open source images
items: A Review of the Flexural Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams Experimentally and Numerically
items: Buckling Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beams Resting on Two-Parameter Elastic Foundations: Closed Form Solutions
items: The effect of high-temperature on concrete properties and the role of waste pozzalanic material to increase concrete resistance, A review
items: State-Of-Art of One- And Two-Way Voided Reinforced Concrete Slab
items: Single Finite Sine Transform Method for Exact Bending Analysis of Simply Supported Kirchhoff Plate under Parabolic Load
items: Lane-based modeling of traffic characteristics on urban multi-lane highway in Mosul city.
items: Ductility, Toughness, and Flexural Performance of Hybrid Foamed- Normal Concrete Beams
items: Performance of low-cost Concrete using Bentonite clay as a partial replacement with Cement
items: Stodola-Vianelo Iteration Method for Solving Transverse Harmonic Natural Vibration Problems of Euler-Bernoulli Beams on Winkler Foundations
items: Solving Clamped Kirchhoff Plate Bending Problems Using Superposition of Sinusoidal and Polynomial Basis Functions in the Ritz Variational Method
items: A Review of Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Geomaterial Treatment Using the MICP Technique
items: Transportation Indicators for Roads Network in Ramadi City
items: Construction of The Load-Transfer Curves for Piles in Sand as a Function of The Standard Penetration Test
items: Comparison between the measured and extracted values according to the equations in the NOVO SPT program
items: The efficiency improvement for traffic operating and modifying delay time in al-Kadessah intersection at AL Ramadi city
items: Prediction of local scour depth around bridge piers in clay-sand bed using the ANN method
items: Using a Laboratory Model Test to Assess the Collapsibility of a Gypseous Soil Improved with Geogrid and Cement Kiln Dust
items: Investigation on the effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fiber and crumb rubber on energy absorption capacity of concrete
items: https://ijce.uoanbar.edu.iq/ijce/article/view/277
items: Strength of a Sandy Gypseous Soil Improved With Fly Ash Geopolymer
items: Ritz Variational Method for Buckling Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beams Resting on Two-Parameter Foundations
items: Application of Evapotranspiration Models for Al-Ramadi Irrigation Project, Al-Anbar, Iraq
items: Mechanical Properties and Impact Behaviour of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Rubberized Self-Compacting Concrete
items: Properties of Sustainable Self Compacting Concrete Containing PET Waste Plastic with Various Cement Replacement Materials
items: Optimizing The Number and Diameter of Piles to Enhance Foundation Resistance
items: Behaviour of RC-Deep Beam by GFRP Rubberized Concrete
items: Production of Sustainable Concrete from Agro-Wastes ash

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Carbon Fibers Reinforced Modified Foamed Concrete
type: item
description: Foamed concrete (FC) is a type of lightweight concrete characterized by a high void space ratio and cementitious binders. In this research, the fresh and mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced modified foamed concrete (made with fly ash, silica fume, and superplasticizer) with a density of 1300 kg/m³ were studied. Carbon fibers of different lengths (12 mm, 20 mm, and 28 mm) were introduced in two ways: as single fibers (12 mm) and as hybrid fibers combining lengths of 20 mm and 28 mm. The results showed that the compressive and split tensile strengths increased by approximately 43% compared to the control mix (modified with additives) when using a single fiber of 12 mm at a volume proportion of 0.4%. In contrast, using hybrid fibers resulted in increases of about 65% and 66% in compressive and split tensile strengths, respectively. When compared to the single fiber method, the hybrid approach improved compressive and split tensile strengths by about 15% and 16%, respectively.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Foamed concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: carbon fibers
  topic: keywords
subject: hybrid fibers
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete design and technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Areej Njyman
creator: Ameer A Hilal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2025-06-01
publication date: 2025-06-01
starting page: 60
ending page: 67
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2025.190104

Structural Performance of Ferrocement Beams containing Plastic Waste Fibers and Longitudinal Holes Filled with Lightweight Concrete
type: item
description: Ferrocement is a type of concrete made of mortar with different wire meshes. It has wide and varied applications in addition to its strength and durability. This research aims to combine ferrocement and sustainability, as over time, the consumption of plastics, especially plastic bottles, has increased and has serious negative effects if buried, burned, or chemically analyzed. Therefore, this research aims to benefit from this plastic waste and introduce it into the construction field by using plastic waste fibers in the concrete mixture instead of cement at a rate of 0.5% and 1% by volume. This research studied the mechanical properties of nine samples of ferrocement beams with dimensions of 1200 × 200 × 150 mm3. A longitudinal hole with a diameter of 50 mm was drilled in different places of the beams and filled with lightweight concrete to facilitate the use of the hole in service passes when drilled, with a study of the initial cracking loads and the resulting deflection in addition to the failure modes and the deflection resulting from the maximum load. The results showed an improvement in load resistance with an improvement in deflection at the maximum load, In addition to an increase in the improvement of Toughness and Stiffness of ferrocement beams.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Beams
  topic: keywords
subject: Ferrocement
  topic: keywords
subject: Lightweight
  topic: keywords
subject: Steel mesh
  topic: keywords
subject: PET
  topic: keywords
subject: Materials and Construction Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abdulrahman Jamal Alobeadi
creator: Abdulkader Ismail Al-Hadithi
creator: Muhannad Haqqi Aldosary
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 18
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2025.190101

The detection of Agricultural Land Changes Using Deep learning and open source images
type: item
description: Land cover assessment is a significant research area in GIS and remote sensing, aiding decision-makers in understanding land use changes' underlying forces and enabling effective actions. In general, Iraqi cities are experiencing severe degradation of agricultural lands due to population growth and residential development, impacting socio-economic and environmental quality. In addition, the deriving forces of transforming the lands from agricultural to other land cover types are not well understood. Research is needed to map and assess agricultural lands for better economic and environmental solutions. The study uses ANN-CA integration to predict agricultural land changes in Babil province, central Iraq. The CNN model achieved the highest accuracy, with a total land cover transformation of 2143.1 square kilometres between 2000 and 2020. the overall accuracy was 0.95, 0.93, and 0.90 based on images captured in 2020, 2000, 2010) respectively. This methodology is considered an efficient tool for monitoring agricultural lands and developing development plans in Iraq.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: land cover
  topic: keywords
subject: GIS
  topic: keywords
subject: Land sat
  topic: keywords
subject: Change detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Remote Sensing ,and GIS
  topic: disciplines
creator: Haifaa Nasser Husein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 48
ending page: 59
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2025.190103

A Review of the Flexural Behavior of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams Experimentally and Numerically
type: item
description: Composite beams, made up of a concrete slab and steel in the IPE steel section, are commonly used in bridges and buildings. Their main function is to enhance structural efficiency by merging the compressive strength of concrete with the tensile resistance of steel, thereby improving overall stiffness, ductility, and load-bearing capacity. This study offers an extensive review of the flexural behavior of steel-concrete composite beams, focusing on the interplay of concrete strength, shear connector types, and interaction levels in determining structural performance. It integrates experimental and numerical research to analyze critical parameters, including load-deflection behavior, shear transfer efficiency, and crack propagation at the steel-concrete interface. The study emphasizes the effect of concrete compressive strength, particularly in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) and lightweight concrete, on stiffness, ductility, and load-bearing capacity while reducing self-weight and enhancing sustainability. The study revealed that fully bonded shear connectors, using CFRP sheets and welded plates, enhance flexural capacity and stiffness. In contrast, partial bonding or pre-debonding reduces performance due to crack propagation. Indented and hot-rolled U-section connectors enhance interaction and minimize slip, while uniform distribution of shear connectors optimizes load capacity and stiffness. Lightweight concrete decreases slab weight without compromising performance, and high-performance materials such as ECC, SFRC, and UHPFRC improve strength and ductility. Numerical modeling, particularly finite element methods, and higher-order beam theories validate experimental results, providing accurate tools for predicting structural behavior under various loading and environmental conditions.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: Steel-Concrete Composite Beams
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexural Behavior
  topic: keywords
subject: Shear Connectors
  topic: keywords
subject: Composite Action
  topic: keywords
subject: Lightweight Concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Husam Khalaf Al-Ani
creator: Ameer A Hilal
creator: Sheelan Mahmoud Hama
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2025-05-01
publication date: 2025-05-01
starting page: 19
ending page: 47
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2025.190102

Buckling Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beams Resting on Two-Parameter Elastic Foundations: Closed Form Solutions
type: item
description: The buckling analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on two-parameter elastic foundation (EBBo2PEF) has important applications in the analysis and design of foundation structures, buried gas pipeline systems and other soil-structure interaction systems under compressive loads. This study investigates the buckling analysis of EBBo2PEFs. The governing differential equation of elastic stability (GDiES) is derived in this work using first principles equilibrium method. In general, the GDiES is an inhomogeneous equation with variable parameters for non-prismatic beams under distributed transverse loadings. However, when transverse loads are absent and the beam is prismatic the GDiES becomes a fourth order ordinary differential constant parameter homogeneous equation. General solution to GDiES is obtained in this work using the classical trial exponential function method of solving equations. Two cases of end supports were considered: simply supported ends and clamped ends. Boundary conditions (BCs) were used to obtain the characteristic buckling equations whose eigenvalues were used to determine the critical buckling loads for two cases of BCs considered. It was found that the method gave exact solutions for each of the BCs. The critical elastic buckling load coefficients for dimensionless beam-foundation parameter and ranging from for simply supported EBBo2PEFs were identical with previous results that used Stodola-Vianello iteration methods and finite element method. Similarly, the critical buckling load coefficients for and are identical with previous results that used Ritz variational method.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Critical buckling load
  topic: keywords
subject: Euler-Bernoulli beam theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Characteristic buckling equation
  topic: keywords
subject: Governing differential equation of elastic stability
  topic: keywords
subject: Two-parameter elastic foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Charles Ike
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 131
ending page: 149
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180211

The effect of high-temperature on concrete properties and the role of waste pozzalanic material to increase concrete resistance, A review
type: item
description: The performance of the structural materials (concrete and steel reinforcement) and the behavior of the structural members after they were exposed to high temperatures have been considered the main topics of the current literature review. All varieties of concrete mixtures lost their compressive strength after 300˚C, even though there was no discernible strength loss between 150 and 300˚C. It was also discovered that the heating time had no appreciable impact on the strength loss when the exposed to heat less than 300 ˚C. Above 300 ˚C. Concrete begins to lose strength after being exposed for longer than one hour; the greatest loss of strength occurs during the first and second hours of exposure. Both the cured cement paste and the aggregates undergo chemical and physical changes at temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 900 °C. The 5% weighted rice husk ash (RHA) blended concrete still had an advantage in compressive strength, over the concrete when subjected to temperatures up to 700 C for two hours. Adding more recycled glass and ceramic particles to regular concrete increases its overall compressive and tensile strengths. Concrete becomes more durable and has fewer cracks when there is a higher replacement rate for ceramic and glass particles. The splitting tensile strength decreased with increasing temperature, changing from 60% to 70% of its initial strength after 600 °C. In this review, the better performance of concrete than the other concrete in terms of mechanical, physical, and durability properties at both room temperature and high temperature were concrete with 10% waste glass powder (WGP) substitution as a partial of cement and 10%–20% crushed glass (CG) substitution as a partial of aggregate .
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: high-temperatures
  topic: keywords
subject: strength residual
  topic: keywords
subject: Mechanical properties
  topic: keywords
subject: pozzalanic materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Amer Jamel
creator: Sheelan Hama
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 150
ending page: 156
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180212

State-Of-Art of One- And Two-Way Voided Reinforced Concrete Slab
type: item
description: A voided slab is an innovative type of reinforced concrete slab system developed recently, that has proven its excellence in terms of its structural, environmental, and economic benefits. The self-weight of a slab can be considerably reduced using different shapes of void formers like spherical, cubical, and donut. All researchers confirm that the self-weight of the slab decreases by up to 40%. Various researchers have carried out experimental and numerical studies for studying one-way flexural strength and punching shear strength of voided reinforced concrete slabs. However, the one-way or two-way flexural strength of the voided slab still needs to be acutely investigated. This paper deals with the survey on many titles of selected high impacted journals to illustrated almost criteria of investigations of these types of slabs. The main outcomes of this paper are the term environmental protection, sustainable and plastic waste reduction had a role not a little in this research, as 16% of the research on this topic were studied. Also, the plastic material governs the subject of the raw materials used to make the voids;43% of researches used this material.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: One-way
  topic: keywords
subject: Two-way
  topic: keywords
subject: Voided slab
  topic: keywords
subject: Materials and Construction Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hend Zayan
creator: Aseel Abdaljader
creator: Ibtihal Mawlood
creator: Akram Mahmoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 118
ending page: 130
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180210

Single Finite Sine Transform Method for Exact Bending Analysis of Simply Supported Kirchhoff Plate under Parabolic Load
type: item
description: Despite the importance of plates in structural analysis the flexural analysis of plates under parabolic load has not been extensively studied. This paper presents single finite sine transform method for exact bending solutions of simply supported Kirchhoff plate under parabolic load. The governing equation of equilibrium is a fourth order non-homogeneous differential equation in terms of the deflection The considered thin plate problem has Dirichlet boundary conditions at all the edges. This recommends the use of the finite sine integral transform method whose sinusoidal kernel function satisfies the boundary conditions. The sinusoidal function of x used for the sine transform kernel in this paper satisfies the Dirichlet boundary conditions along edges. The transformation simplifies the problem from a partial differential equation (PDE) to an ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the transformed space. The general solution, obtained using methods for solving ODEs is found in terms of unknown constants of integration which are found by using the finite sine transform of Dirichlet boundary conditions along the and edges. The solution in the physical domain space variables is then found by inversion as a rapidly convergent single series with infinite terms. A one term truncation of the single infinite series yields center deflection solution that is only 2% greater than the exact solution. A three term truncation of the infinite series for gave exact center deflections. Bending moments are found using the bending moment deflection relations as convergent single series with infinite terms.
subject: Case Report
  topic: section
subject: Single finite sine transform method
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirchhoff plate
  topic: keywords
subject: kernel
  topic: keywords
subject: deflection
  topic: keywords
subject: Bending moment
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Charles Ike
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 22
ending page: 38
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180203

Lane-based modeling of traffic characteristics on urban multi-lane highway in Mosul city.
type: item
description: ABSTRACT This research models the relationship between traffic characteristics and lane position on a six-lane divided highway. Both macroscopic and microscopic models were developed to analyze speed-density, speed-flow, and flow-density relationships for each lane, using linear and nonlinear approaches. Additionally, microscopic models were created to investigate speed-spacing, speed-headway, and headway-spacing relationships. Data was gathered using video recordings and radar speed guns, and traditional methods were applied to calculate density and spacing distance, which are typically challenging to measure in the field. Microsoft Excel and SPSS ver.26 software were utilized for analysis. The coefficient of determination (R-square) and the chi-square test were employed to assess the goodness of fit for the models. The results indicated no significant differences between the predicted and observed data, demonstrating critical traffic characteristics and providing insights into vehicular and driver behavior. These models can be utilized to identify various parameters of traffic characteristics in future studies on the examined highway.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Traffic flow
  topic: keywords
subject: speed
  topic: keywords
subject: Density
  topic: keywords
subject: Headway and Spacing
  topic: keywords
subject: Lane-based Modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: Transportation, and Traffic Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Asmaa abdulrazzaq
creator: mohammed taha
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 107
ending page: 117
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180209

Ductility, Toughness, and Flexural Performance of Hybrid Foamed- Normal Concrete Beams
type: item
description: A study examined the ductility and toughness properties of beams made of reinforced concrete, including foamed, normal, and hybrid beams. Nine reinforced concrete beams were produced: three foamed concrete beams, three normal concrete beams, and three hybrid concrete beams. Each beam possessed identical rectangular cross-sectional dimensions of 1500 mm × 250 mm × 150 mm. The flexural parameters (ultimate load, ductility, deflection, and durability) were assessed for each type of concrete utilized. The study's results showed that the load-bearing capacity of hybrid concrete beams was comparable to that of normal concrete beams, whereas foamed concrete beams exhibited slight improvement in their ability to carry loads. The ductility of reinforced foamed concrete beams was lesser than that of normal concrete. For over-reinforced beams, the ductility of hybrid concrete beams showed a significant improvement of 61% compared to foamed beams and an even more significant increase of 91.7% compared to normal beams. Furthermore, the hybrid concrete beam with over-reinforcement had a flexural toughness of 18.7% greater than the normal concrete beam. Suggested that a hybrid section comprising conventional and foamed concrete be utilized to decrease ductility and improve stiffness.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: hybrid concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: load deflection
  topic: keywords
subject: Toughness
  topic: keywords
subject: flexural
  topic: keywords
subject: ductility
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Angham Jaffal
creator: Ameer Hilal
creator: Akram Mahmoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 97
ending page: 106
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180208

Performance of low-cost Concrete using Bentonite clay as a partial replacement with Cement
type: item
description: Concrete is produced from millions of tons of Cement, which emits a significant amount of carbon dioxide from cement mills and contributes to global warming. Therefore, it is important to seek out less expensive and more environmentally friendly substitutes for OPC. While various substitutes are available, such as recycled glass, marble, silica fume fly ash, or agricultural waste like rice husks or wheat straw, the performance of concrete is significantly affected when bentonite is used as a replacement for Cement. This study aims to evaluate Jhelum bentonite, which is located at 32°56′ north and 73°44′ east longitude, as a replacement for Cement in different ratios (0:100, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60) to improve the durability of the system as more bentonite is used to replace conventional Portland cement, the workability, density, and water absorption of the new concrete all decrease. Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, and flexural Strength of blocks and cylinders were tested after being cured for 7 and 28 days. Analysis of these strength tests revealed that the mixes containing bentonite were weaker after 7 days compared to 28 days, and the Strength of blocks was reasonable compared to cylinders.Keywords: Bentonite, Concrete, Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: bentonite
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: compressive strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Tensile Strength
  topic: keywords
subject: flexural strength
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete design and technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Muhammad Usama
creator: Ubaid Ullah
creator: Zaid Muhammad
creator: Muhammad Abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 39
ending page: 51
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180204

Stodola-Vianelo Iteration Method for Solving Transverse Harmonic Natural Vibration Problems of Euler-Bernoulli Beams on Winkler Foundations
type: item
description: Free transverse vibration frequency analysis of Euler-Bernoulli beams on Winkler foundation (EBBoWF) is a significant part of their analysis for averting failures by resonance. Resonant failure of EBBoWF occurs when the loading frequency exciting the vibration coincides with the least natural frequency. This study aims at using the Stodola-Vianello iteration method (SVIM) for the natural transverse vibration analysis of EBBoWF. Generally, the problem is governed by a non-homogenous partial differential equation (PDE) for forced vibrations, but simplifies to a homogeneous PDE for free vibrations where excitation forces are absent. For harmonic vibrations, and harmonic displacement response u(x, t), the equations are decoupled in terms of the independent spatial and time variables, resulting in a fourth order ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the displacement modal function for u(x, t). The study’s focus is on homogenous, prismatic, isotropic thin beams leading to ODEs with constant parameters. SVIM was used to express the ODE as Stodola-Vianello iteration equations with four constants of integration, determinable via the boundary conditions. Specific application of SVIM to the EBBoWF with simple end supports used exact sinusoidal shape functions and boundary conditions to determine the integration constants. Convergence criterion at the nth iteration was used to find the eigenequation which was solved for the eigenvalues. The natural transverse vibration frequencies at the nth modes were found in terms of frequency parameters . Values of calculated for the first five modes n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and for values of showed that the present SVIM gave exact results compared to other previous results. The exact solutions were obtained because exact shape functions were used in the SVIM equations resulting in satisfaction of the governing equations at the domain and the boundaries.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Stodola-Vianello iteration method
  topic: keywords
subject: Euler-Bernoulli beam on Winkler foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: Natural vibration frequency
  topic: keywords
subject: Beam-foundation parameter
  topic: keywords
subject: Eigenequation
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical
  topic: disciplines
creator: Charles Ike
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 73
ending page: 87
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180206

Solving Clamped Kirchhoff Plate Bending Problems Using Superposition of Sinusoidal and Polynomial Basis Functions in the Ritz Variational Method
type: item
description: Thin plate bending analysis is an important research subject due to the extensive use of plates in the different fields of engineering and the need for accurate solutions. This article uses the Ritz variational method and a superposition of trigonometric and polynomial basis functions to solve the Kirchhoff-Love plate bending problems (KLPBPs). The unknown displacement function in the Ritz variational functional (RVF) to be minimized is sought as linear combinations of basis functions Fm(x) and Gn(y) that are found by superposing sine series and third degree polynomial functions with the polynomial parameters determined such that all boundary conditions of deformation and force are satisfied. The displacement is thus expressed in terms of unknown displacement parameters Amn which are found upon minimization of RVF with respect to Amn. The minimization process gave a matrix stiffness equation in Amn with the stiffness matrix and force matrix found from Fm(x) and Gn(y) and their derivatives. The algebraic equation is solved, and the deflection and bending moments obtained. The problems considered were clamped (CCCC) plates under uniform and hydrostatic distribution of loads and plates with opposite edges clamped, the rest simply supported (CSCS) under uniformly distributed loading. Comparison of the solutions by Generalized Integral transform method, Levy-Nadai series method, and symplectic eigenfunction superposition confirms that the present results are accurate.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Ritz variational method
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirchhoff plate theory
  topic: keywords
subject: clamped plate
  topic: keywords
subject: Bending moment
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Charles Ike
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 52
ending page: 72
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180205

A Review of Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Geomaterial Treatment Using the MICP Technique
type: item
description: Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is a fast-evolving technology for cementing sandy soils, improving ground, repairing concrete cracks, and remediating contaminated land. The current work thoroughly reviews various factors that can impact the effect of the MICP technology on geomaterials. These factors include the type and strain of the microbes, concentration of bacterial solution, cementation solution composition and concentration, environmental factors (temperature, pH level, and oxygen dissolved), and soil properties. It was found that the type and strain of bacteria, concentration of bacterial suspension, pH value, temperature, and the reaction solution properties are the most affecting factors in controlling the characteristics of the produced calcium carbonate, which in turn affects the degree of bonding between geomaterials particles. For an optimal implementation of the MICP in soils treatment, it appeared that for the most commonly used bacterial strains a temperature between 20 and 40 °C, a pH between 6.5 and 9.5, and a cementation solution concentration of 0.5 mol/L, are typically recommended.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: MICP
  topic: keywords
subject: bacteria suspension
  topic: keywords
subject: cementation solution
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hadeel Sulaiman
creator: Muayad A. Al-Sharrad
creator: Idham Abed
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 88
ending page: 96
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180207

Transportation Indicators for Roads Network in Ramadi City
type: item
description: One of the most important aspects of the developing any area is creating a viable road network and defining the relationship between landscape use and road networks. Proper communication and direction are essential to the proper construction of any network. In addition to providing chances for production and consumption, resource extraction, and social cohabitation, the road network also functions as a hub for these activities. As a consequence, this contributes to the development of cities and the improvement of the level of living. However, Ramadi's road network has not received much attention and evaluation. To identify Ramadi road network transportation indicators, the researchers used geospatial information systems. Connectivity was assessed using the alpha, beta, gamma, and eta indices to describe and analyse the network. The data was collected in the first quarter of 2024. The Alpha, the beta, the gamma, and the eta indexes show weak Al-Ramadi road network connections. Indexes are 0.197, 1.26, 0.43, and 0.82. The research indicates a loss in network connectivity in the study region, necessitating the prioritization of new the roads and a city plan to mitigate network shortages.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: Link and node Al-Ramadi road network Connectivity Alpha
  topic: keywords
subject: beta
  topic: keywords
subject: gamma
  topic: keywords
subject: Alpha
  topic: keywords
subject: Transportation, and Traffic Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rafal Khudier
creator: Thaer Mahmood
creator: Hamid Awad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 15
ending page: 21
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180202

Construction of The Load-Transfer Curves for Piles in Sand as a Function of The Standard Penetration Test
type: item
description: In this paper, a practical method of analysis of the pile displacements is proposed on the basis of the theory of load-transfer curves widely used in pile design and analysis. The parameters of the load-transfer curves for piles under axial load (called t-z, q-z curves) or lateral load (called P-Y curves) were correlated with the number of blows Nspt measured during the standard penetration test (SPT). Well documented case histories of full-scale axial or lateral loading tests on single piles in sand were collected, and the analysis of the experimental results led to define the parameters of the load-transfer curves. Two practical methods of computation of a single pile under an axial load or a lateral load were proposed to be used within the scope of a pile foundation project. At last, a validation process of the load-transfer curves was undertaken by direct comparison of the predicted pile displacements to those measured during other pile loading tests, which showed a good predictive capability of the two proposed methods
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: piles
  topic: keywords
subject: P-Y curves
  topic: keywords
subject: Sand
  topic: keywords
subject: Settlement
  topic: keywords
subject: loading test
  topic: keywords
subject: Foundation Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ali Bouafia
creator: Abdesselem Laouedj
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-12-01
publication date: 2024-12-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 14
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180201

Comparison between the measured and extracted values according to the equations in the NOVO SPT program
type: item
description: The evaluation of undrained shear strength (Su) in fine-grained soils is crucial for geotechnical engineering applications. This study aims to assess Su in fine-grained soils through laboratory testing and data analysis by different equations Su Undrained shear strength from field and Based on SPT-N Values. The introduction provides an overview of the importance of Su in geotechnical engineering and highlights the complexity of estimating Su in fine-grained soils. The material and methods section describes the collection of soil samples from Fallujah, which predominantly consist of silty clay and clayey silt. Field investigations were conducted to obtain Su measurements using field vane shear tests. The section also provides details on the field-testing data, including borehole depth, SPT results, consistency, Su, Su from SPT NOVO, and soil description. The laboratory testing and data analysis section presents the results of laboratory shear testing conducted on the collected soil samples. The testing involved determining the undrained shear strength of the soils using appropriate testing apparatus and procedures. The data obtained from the laboratory testing are analyzed to identify trends in Su and soil consistency. Based on the analysis of the data and the results obtained from the laboratory testing, it can be concluded that there is a relatively weak correlation between the undrained shear strength (Su) and the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) N-value. The correlations proposed by Sowers (1979), Kulhawy and Mayne (1990), Reese, Touma, and O'Neill (1976), and Terzaghi and Peck (1967) all show modest R2 values, indicating limited correlation between Su and N-value
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: undrained shear strength
  topic: keywords
subject: standard penetration tests
  topic: keywords
subject: soil consistency
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical
  topic: disciplines
creator: maria abood
creator: Khalid Aljanabi
creator: Khamis Sayl
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 112
ending page: 119
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180108

The efficiency improvement for traffic operating and modifying delay time in al-Kadessah intersection at AL Ramadi city
type: item
description: Traffic movement is considered a compound phenomenon that is impacted by behavioural, economic, and physical aspects. It is performed within the context of an urban system that consists of road networks and crossings, where the movement crouches to depend. The measuring of identifying their size and densities and current problems helps to Improve and development for roads and streets network existing and important is intersections for purposes the accessibility, potentiality of future intersections, and network development towards constructing a composition to raise the quality and the efficient performance of roads and streets. The study was dependent on a traffic survey for intersections, areas of urban intersections, and the road network of Al-Ramadi city, as well as the number of vehicles that generated a large volume of traffic flow. The use of the program (HCS 2010) to detect appropriate for purposes decreasing traffic congestion and delayed trip time in the areas based on existing and future districts that generate different types and purposes of journeys to lessen the delay trip time to lessen traffic congestion. Therefore, research looks at both sides: first, a study of the existing intersections of the main road network and urban streets, including an examination of the components and shapes of these intersections in the study area; second, an examination of the importance placed on these intersections by the planning and design process.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Delay time
  topic: keywords
subject: HCS 2010
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic Operating
  topic: keywords
subject: Level of Service LOS
  topic: keywords
subject: Signalized intersection
  topic: keywords
subject: Transportation, and Traffic Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Khalid Mhana
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 1
ending page: 12
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180101

Prediction of local scour depth around bridge piers in clay-sand bed using the ANN method
type: item
description: Local scour is a primary reason for bridge collapse, presenting a complex challenge due to the numerous factors influencing its occurrence. The complexity of local scour increases with clay-sand beds, particularly in predicting scour depth, as empirical equations are inadequate for such calculations. This study aims to predict local scour around cylindrical bridge piers in clay-sand beds using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The ANN model was developed using 264 observations from various laboratory experiments. Eight variables were included in the ANN model: clay fraction, pier diameter, flow depth, flow velocity, critical sediment velocity, sediment particle size, bed shear strength, and pier Reynolds number. Sensitivity and statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of each variable and the accuracy of the ANN model in predicting local scour depth in clay-sand beds. The findings indicate that the ANN model predicted local scour with high accuracy, achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.6%. All dimensional variables significantly influenced the prediction of local scour depth, particularly clay fraction and bed shear strength, which were identified as the most crucial parameters. Finally, the MAPE values for local scour depth calculated using empirical equations were significantly higher than those for the ANN model, leading to an overestimation of local scour depth by the empirical equations.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Local Scour
  topic: keywords
subject: ANN
  topic: keywords
subject: Pier scour
  topic: keywords
subject: Clay-sand bed
  topic: keywords
subject: Cohesion-non cohesion sediment
  topic: keywords
subject: Hydraulic
  topic: disciplines
creator: Abubaker Sami DHEYAB
creator: Mustafa GÜNAL
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 50
ending page: 60
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180104

Using a Laboratory Model Test to Assess the Collapsibility of a Gypseous Soil Improved with Geogrid and Cement Kiln Dust
type: item
description: Collapse of gypseous soils may cause excessive settlement and serious damage to engineering structures. Various improvement approaches, such as mechanical techniques and chemical additions, have been used to reduce the collapsibility of these soils. The odometer test has traditionally been used to assess the collapsibility of the improved gypseous soils; however, because the small size of test specimens, this method may not adequately reflect field conditions. In this research, a laboratory model test of 600 x 600 x 600 mm with a model footing of 100 x 100 mm was developed to measure the collapse characteristics of a gypseous soil. The top layer underneath the footing was improved by compaction, cement kiln dust (CKD), geogrid, and a combination between CKD and geogrid. The top layer was improved at two values of thickness of 50 and 100 mm. The results obtained from this study indicate that the values collapsibility settlement reduction factor for compacted soil and the soil treated with CKD were 75 and 82%, 89% receptively. These values increased up to 95 % when a combination of CKD and geogrid was applied. As discussed herein, the aforementioned treatment methods can effectively be used to improve the collapsibility of gypseous soils.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Gypseous soil
  topic: keywords
subject: laboratory model
  topic: keywords
subject: Collapsibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Geogrid
  topic: keywords
subject: Cement kiln dust
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical
  topic: disciplines
creator: Kamil Kamil
creator: Ahmed Hazem
creator: Nabeel Mahmood
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 61
ending page: 71
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180105

Investigation on the effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) fiber and crumb rubber on energy absorption capacity of concrete
type: item
description: The accumulation of wastes, especially plastic and car tires, has become a major problem facing society today. Therefore, through this research, these wastes were recycled and used to improve some properties of concrete. Recycled crumb rubber from car tires was used instead of sand as a partial replacement of 10%. The substitution was done by two methods: random and equivalent size substitution. As well, 1%polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber was added by the volume of concrete to improve some properties of rubberized concrete. Compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity test (UPV) were conducted in this study to investigate the efficiency of PET rubberized concrete, as well the impact resistance test was also conducted to investigated the ability of PET rubberized concrete in term of energy absorption. Slabs of size (50cm×50cm×5cm) were utilized for low velocity impact test. The results indicated there were a reduction in compressive strength and UPV results were observed in PET fiber rubberized concrete the reduction were (37.47% and 5.4%) respectively as compared with PETC mixture and the result of dynamic modulus of elasticity show the same pattern of UPV result , in contrast there was an improvement in the impact resistance when PET fiber and crumb rubber were used it increased by(117.63% and 52.9% ) for random and equivalent replacement respectively as compared with PETC.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Rubberized concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
  topic: keywords
subject: Waste rubber
  topic: keywords
subject: impact resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: dynamic modulus of elasticity
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete design and technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Fatima Mahmoud
creator: Ahmed Noaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 13
ending page: 25
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180102

https://ijce.uoanbar.edu.iq/ijce/article/view/277
type: item
title: Ritz Variational Method for the Analysis of Thin Rectangular Plate Bending Problems with Adjacent Edges Clamped and Simply Supported Using the Super position of Trigonometric Series and Polynomial Basis Functions
description: This paper attempts to obtain bending solutions to plates under uniformly distributed and hydrostatic load distributions using Ritz variational methods and basis functions that are found by superposing trigonometric series and third degree polynomials. Two cases of boundary conditions were considered. In one case, three edges were simply supported and the fourth edge was clamped (SSCS thin plate). In the second case, the adjacent edges were clamped and the other edges were simply supported (SCCS thin plate). This work presents first principles, rigorous derivation of the governing Ritz variational functional and the displacement basis functions for the boundary conditions investigated. The solution is presented in analytical form. The obtained results are compared with previous results obtained using Levy series and Ritz methods and found to be in close agreement . The disadvantage of the method is the associated computational rigour, but the benefit is the accuracy of the results. Comparisons of the present results for center deflections and center bending moments with results in the literature show that there is negligible difference. Double series expressions were found for deflections and bending moments for the plate bending problems solved. Evaluation of the double series expressions at the plate center gave center deflection results that differed from the exact solutions by for to for for uniformly loaded thin plates with three simply supported edges and one clamped edge (SSSC). The differences in the center bending moments Mxx were found to vary from for to for In general, the present results yielded reasonably accurate solutions for the plate bending problems studied.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Bending moment
  topic: keywords
subject: Center deflection
  topic: keywords
subject: Kirchhoff plate
  topic: keywords
subject: Ritz variational functional
  topic: keywords
subject: Superposition of trigonometric series and polynomial basis functions
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Charles Ike
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-07-01
publication date: 2024-07-01
starting page: 88
ending page: 111
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180107

Strength of a Sandy Gypseous Soil Improved With Fly Ash Geopolymer
type: item
description: This study investigates the strength performance and microstructural changes of a sandy gypseous soil improved with fly ash-based geopolymer, for shallow and deep applications. Different proportions of geopolymer were added to a natural gypseous soil having a gypsum content of 30% to 40% with different water contents. The fly ash was activated using sodium hydroxide with molar concentrations 8 and 12 molar and sodium silicate. The ratios of the fly ash to the activator were 1 and 2. Specimens were cured for different ages at 30°C. To simulate the field conditions, a number of specimens were immersed in a salt-saturated solution. Materials performance was evaluated at the macro level by performing unconfined compression test and at micro level by performing scanning electron microscopy test. The study showed that an increase in the molar concentration of sodium hydroxide and of the binder ratio improved material’s strength particularly at lower water contents of the soil. Increasing the binder content to about 30% improved the strength by enhancing the bonding between the soil particles. On the other hand, immersing the samples in the salt solution led, in most cases, to breakdown of the geopolymer network, as confirmed by the SEM images. It was concluded that the fly ash geopolymer-soil mixtures under investigation can provide as high as 8 MPa uniaxial strength under no sulfate attack. However, under sulfate attack condition, this strength can decrease to as low as 0.5 MPa. Even under the worst case, the later strength can be just enough to support shallow foundations rested on a saturated gypseous soil.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: Fly ash –based geopolymer
  topic: keywords
subject: Soil improvement
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep mixing
  topic: keywords
subject: Gypsum soil
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical
  topic: disciplines
creator: Ahmed Qasim
creator: Muayad A. Al-Sharrad
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 72
ending page: 88
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180106

Ritz Variational Method for Buckling Analysis of Euler-Bernoulli Beams Resting on Two-Parameter Foundations
type: item
description: The analysis of the least compressive load that cause buckling failures of Euler-Bernoulli beams resting on two-parameter elastic foundations (EBBo2PFs) is vital for safety. This article presents Ritz variational method (RVM) for the stability solutions of EBBo2PFs under in-plane compressive loads. The Ritz total potential energy functional, was derived for the problem as the sum of the strain energies of the thin beam, the two-parameter lumped parameter elastic foundation (LPEF) and the work potential due to the in-plane compressive load. Ritz functional was found to depend upon the buckling function w(x) and its derivatives with respect to the longitudinal coordinate. The principle of minimization of was implemented for each considered boundary condition to find the w(x) corresponding to minimum Three cases of boundary conditions investigated were: clamped at both ends, clamped at one end and free at the other, simply supported at both ends. For each case, w(x) was found in terms of unknown generalized buckling parameters ci, and buckling shape functions satisfying the boundary conditions. Thus was expressed in terms of the parameters ci. The Ritz functional was subsequently minimized with respect to the parameters yielding an algebraic eigenvalue problem. The condition for nontrivial solutions of homogeneous algebraic equations was used to find the characteristic buckling equations that were solved to find the eigenvalues. The eigenvalues were used to find the buckling loads and the critical buckling load. It was found that a one-parameter RVM solution for the EBBo2PF with both ends clamped, and with one clamped and one free end gave similar critical buckling load solutions to those presented in the literature. It was also found that an n-parameter RVM solution for the EBBo2PFs with both ends simply supported yielded exact buckling load solutions because exact sinusoidal buckling shape functions were used.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: buckling shape function
  topic: keywords
subject: Critical buckling load
  topic: keywords
subject: Euler-Bernoulli beam theory
  topic: keywords
subject: lumped parameter elastic foundation
  topic: keywords
subject: Ritz variational method
  topic: keywords
subject: Structural Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Charles Ike
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2024-06-01
publication date: 2024-06-01
starting page: 26
ending page: 49
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2024.180103

Application of Evapotranspiration Models for Al-Ramadi Irrigation Project, Al-Anbar, Iraq
type: item
description: Since evapotranspiration typically makes up the largest portion of the terrestrial water cycle, it is one of the most crucial factors in determining how much water is available. This study evaluated four models (Penman-FAO-24(PF), Penman-Monteith -FAO-56(PM), Penman-Kimberly(PK), and Jensen-Haise (JH)) utilized frequently to calculate monthly reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_0) values for Ramadi irrigation project (fourth stage). The statistical indicators considered were the root mean square error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Relative Error (RE), Correlation Coefficient (R^2) and mean bias error (MBE), models were used to estimate evapotranspiration, and by calculating evapotranspiration for Al-Ramadi city according to the climate data available to us, The (PF) model had the lowest MBE = 0.02945, greatest RMSE = 29.369, and highest R = 0.9641 values among the four models, demonstrating that it is the best. The JH model, which achieved the highest values of MBE = 0.00978 and RSME = 58.509, was the least accurate of the models.. The study's conclusions may be useful to farmers, decision-makers, and local water organizations in assessing irrigation water requirements, planning, and effective use of water resources.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Reference evapotranspiration (ET_0)models
  topic: keywords
subject: Penman-Monteith
  topic: keywords
subject: minimum climatic data
  topic: keywords
subject: Penman-Kimberly(PK)
  topic: keywords
subject: Penman-FAO-24(PF)
  topic: keywords
subject: Water resources
  topic: disciplines
creator: mohammed waheeb
creator: ayad Mustafa
creator: Jumaa Al-Somaydaii
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 60
ending page: 68
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2023.170206

Mechanical Properties and Impact Behaviour of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Rubberized Self-Compacting Concrete
type: item
description: The problem of discarded tires has received a lot of attention from many authors. Incorporation of rubber aggregate recycled from waste tires is one of the solutions to this issue. This research is based on evaluating fresh and hardened properties such as slump flow, T500, segregation resistance, and L-box tests, compressive strength, impact resistance, and flexural toughness. Rubber aggregate replacements in the self-compact concrete mixes was 10% by volume of fine aggregate. Additionally, both PET and steel fibers are utilized at a volume rate of 0.25%.The outcomes indicate that introducing rubber declines rheological and hardened properties, whereas incorporating hybrid fibers enhances hardened properties such as compressive strength, impact energy, and flexural toughness. The best increase impact energy was obtained at roughly 166.6% when 0.25% hybrid fibers and 10% rubber were used. 74.21 was the greatest increase in flexural toughness when 0.25% hybrid fibers (SCCH3) were used. As for the compressive strength, it was the highest by about 11%.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Self-Compacting Concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: Rubberized concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: PET fiber
  topic: keywords
subject: Hybrid
  topic: keywords
subject: Impact resistance
  topic: keywords
subject: Materials and Construction Engineering
  topic: disciplines
creator: Iman Qadir
creator: Ahmed Noaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 69
ending page: 81
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2023.170207

Properties of Sustainable Self Compacting Concrete Containing PET Waste Plastic with Various Cement Replacement Materials
type: item
description: This main aim of this study is evaluate wide range of fresh and hardened properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete containing various types of Cement Replacement Materials with optimum contents of Polyethylene Terephthalate PET waste plastic as fibers and fine aggregate replacement. This is to evaluate effect of the two forms of PET and to determine the best CRMs could be used with sustainable SCC. such as limestone, glass powder and fly ash with high replacement rate of 70% by weight of cement were used while fourth one (kaolin) was used with replacement rate of 20%. PET fibers were added to SCC with an aspect ratio of 24.4 and 0.7% volume fraction whereas fine aggregate partially replaced by 4% of waste plastic. Four reference mixtures contained FA, LP, GP and KA only, same four mixtures contained 0.7% PET fibers by volume, and the other same four mixtures contained 4% PET fine aggregate by volume. The obtained results all tested fresh properties, which include slump flow, T500, L-Box and segregation resistance were within the limits of the specification reported in EFNERC guidelines. Further, the forms PET have an adverse effect fresh properties of SCC. As for hardened properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength). Further, this produced type of SCC showed an range of compressive strength (15.2-31.64 MPa) at 28 days. It can be from the current study the best CRMs to be used in SCC containing PET wastes was FA in terms of most tested properties.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: Waste plastic
  topic: keywords
subject: sustaniability
  topic: keywords
subject: cement replacement materials
  topic: keywords
subject: fresh properties
  topic: keywords
subject: hardened properties
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete design and technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Hind abdulminem
creator: Mahmoud Mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 45
ending page: 59
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2023.170205

Optimizing The Number and Diameter of Piles to Enhance Foundation Resistance
type: item
description: ABSTRACTStudies in geotechnical engineering have the nonlinear behavior of soils. An experimental study was carried out on models of piled rafts, and four piles with a diameter of 25 mm and a length of (300, 400, and 500) mm were taken, with a raft of (180x180) mm, and compared with the piled-raft system of 180 × 180 raft and nine piles of 19 mm and 500 mm in diameter and length respectively. They were tested for raft resistance, number of piles, length, and diameter while maintaining the spacing between piles. Test results showed the raft performance improved by 76% when adding piles. The increase in the (L/D) ratio for variable (L) length leads to an increase in pile share of 87% for the groups (2×2). Also, pile share was increased by 10% with a decrease in the diameter of piles and an increase in the number of piles in the group. Therefore, the increment in each pile’s skin friction results in an increase in the bearing capacity of each pile.
subject: Review Paper
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Experimental study
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical engineering
  topic: keywords
subject: Nonlinear behaviour
  topic: keywords
subject: Piled rafts
  topic: keywords
subject: Piles bearing
  topic: keywords
subject: Geotechnical
  topic: disciplines
creator: Rasool Almajed
creator: Kadhim Alabbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 82
ending page: 90
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2023.170208

Behaviour of RC-Deep Beam by GFRP Rubberized Concrete
type: item
description: In this study, the structural behaviour of RC-deep beams of glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) rubberized concrete is investigated. Rubberized concrete is manufactured by replacing fine sand aggregate with rubber crumbs in volumetric replacement ratios. The main variables were the crumb rubber content (0%, 10%, and 20%) and the main reinforcement ratio. Tested Six samples of deep beams with different dimensions (b = 150, h = 300 mm, L= 1400 mm) were under a four-point load until failure. The parameters under investigation were the mechanical properties of mixtures, load-midspan deflection curves, toughness, and the load-strain relationship. The results indicate that the increased crumb rubber content led to a decrease in the mechanical properties of rubberized concrete mixtures. It was found that the behaviour of all samples of rubberized concrete affected the deflection load curve, the ultimate load, and the increase in deflection. The sample R2-10% Rub showed the highest toughness among the tested samples, with an increase of 301.6% compared to the reference.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Crumb rubber
  topic: keywords
subject: Deep beams
  topic: keywords
subject: Rubberized concrete
  topic: keywords
subject: GFRP bars
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete design and technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Omaima. Jumaa
creator: Ahmed Noaman
creator: Akram Mahmoud
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 34
ending page: 44
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2023.170204

Production of Sustainable Concrete from Agro-Wastes ash
type: item
description: There are various means of recycling agricultural wastes to maximize economic benefit from it. According to environmental statistics, agricultural wastes is one of the most dangerous types of wastes, especially in villages, because it is disposed of by burning. In this study, production of natural ash from agro wastes was carried out. Two types of agro waste ash were produced through burning and grinding process. waste date tree and waste reeds ash. The waste date ash (WDA) and waste reeds ash (WRA) were included in concrete by replacement of a specific portion of cement weight (5%, and 10%). Moreover, a blend of the two types of ashes were also considered. Furthermore, the natural ash was utilized in production of green concrete. Hardened density and compressive strengths at various ages (7, 28 and 56 days) were evaluated. The results in this research showed an excellent increase in compressive strength at ages (7,28 and 56) days. When measuring the compressive strength at the late age (56 days), DPA + WRA it was the best model used if it recorded the highest increase in it. Also, the use of WRA10% gave a good result, increasing its strength of the reference mixture and the rest of the mixtures also gave good and remarkable results in increasing the resistance, as the use of ash in these mixtures protects the environment from pollution and gives mixtures of higher resistance and can be used as a partial substitute for cement, except for DPA10%, so the usual mixture was better than it.
subject: Research Paper
  topic: section
subject: Agro-Wastes ash
  topic: keywords
subject: Agricultural wastes
  topic: keywords
subject: reeds ash
  topic: keywords
subject: date ash
  topic: keywords
subject: Pollution
  topic: keywords
subject: Concrete design and technology
  topic: disciplines
creator: Dhifaf Hamdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Iraqi Journal of Civil Engineering
date: 2023-12-01
publication date: 2023-12-01
starting page: 91
ending page: 99
doi: 10.37650/ijce.2023.170209