Hydrodynamic modeling of viscous flow in porous media was investigated for fourselected filter media crushed silica, crushed anthracite coal, glass beads and crushed garnet.Typical constants that can be used to estimate head loss for some of the most common designof granular media filters were correlated. The effect of several parameters such as porosity(35%-60%) , temperature(20oC-80oC) and media grain size (0.5-2mm) was studied. Empiricalrelationships were developed using a plot of friction vs. Reynolds number similar to those thathad been successfully used for the flow of fluids in pipes. Analytical models were made todevelop an equation for viscous turbulent flow in porous media from first hydraulic principles.Empirical equation was developed to predict pressure drop in porous media as a function ofbed porosity and evaluated the friction factor as a function to flow type.
The current study includes application of QUAL2K model to predict the dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of lower reach of the Diyala River in a stretch of 16.90km using hydraulic and water quality data collected from Ministry of Water Resources for the period (January-April 2014). Google Earth and Arc-GIS technique were used in this study as supported tools to provide some QUAL2K input hydro-geometric data. The model parameters were calibrated for the dry flow period by trial and error until the simulated results agreed well with the observed data. The model performance was measured using different statistical criteria such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (RE). The results showed that the simulated values were in good agreement with the observed values. Model output for calibration showed that DO and CBOD concentration were not within the allowable limits for preserving the ecological health of the river with range values (2.51 - 4.80 mg/L) and (18.75 – 25.10 mg/L) respectively. Moreover, QUAL2K was used to simulate different scenarios (pollution loads modification, flow augmentation and local oxygenation) in order to manage the water quality during critical period (low flow), and to preserve the minimum requirement of DO concentration in the river. The scenarios results showed the pollution loads modification and local oxygenation are effective in raising DO levels. While flow augmentation does not give significant results in which the level of DO decrease even with reduction in the BOD5 for point sources. The combination of wastewater modification and local oxygenation (BOD5 of the discharged effluent from point sources should not exceed 15 mg/L and weir construction at critical positions 6.67km from the beginning of the study region with 1m height) is necessary to ensure minimum DO concentrations.
Since evapotranspiration typically makes up the largest portion of the terrestrial water cycle, it is one of the most crucial factors in determining how much water is available. This study evaluated four models (Penman-FAO-24(PF), Penman-Monteith -FAO-56(PM), Penman-Kimberly(PK), and Jensen-Haise (JH)) utilized frequently to calculate monthly reference crop evapotranspiration (ET_0) values for Ramadi irrigation project (fourth stage). The statistical indicators considered were the root mean square error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Relative Error (RE), Correlation Coefficient (R^2) and mean bias error (MBE), models were used to estimate evapotranspiration, and by calculating evapotranspiration for Al-Ramadi city according to the climate data available to us, The (PF) model had the lowest MBE = 0.02945, greatest RMSE = 29.369, and highest R = 0.9641 values among the four models, demonstrating that it is the best. The JH model, which achieved the highest values of MBE = 0.00978 and RSME = 58.509, was the least accurate of the models.. The study's conclusions may be useful to farmers, decision-makers, and local water organizations in assessing irrigation water requirements, planning, and effective use of water resources.
In recent years, hospital waste has been one of the most serious issues in Iraq and other parts of the world. The current study aims to measure and analyze hospital waste output across all departments at the Ramadi Teaching Hospital. The data on waste generation rates gathered for the study were primarily based on existing records of field management of hospital waste over the course of eight months (one week per month) for all departments in the hospital; however, some random sampling information was provided to supplement the data. The results revealed that the estimated rate of medical waste creation at Ramadi hospital was between 144 and 188 kg/day, whereas the general (non-medical) waste generation was between (240-278) kg/day. In terms of patient numbers and per occupied bed, the average medical waste generation rates were from 0.60 to 0.90 kg/patient/day and (0.85-1.11) kg/bed/day, respectively, whereas the average general trash generation rates ranged from 0.86 to 1.15 kg/patient/day and 1.42-1.64 kg/bed/day. The recent analysis concluded that the hospital's segregation procedure is still inefficient, and there is room for improvement in terms of reducing hazardous medical waste creation
ABSTRACT An applied hydrological models were performed to model the rainfall-runoff relationship for Upper Adhaim River Basin. Three lumped integral models (hydrologic models) based upon the concept of the unit hydrograph were applied to analyze the rainfall-runoff relationship on a daily basis. These models are: the Simple Linear Model (SLM), the Linear Variable Gain Factor Model (LVGFM), and the Non-Linear Model (NLM). Five performance evaluation criteria have been used in this study. The application results of the (SLM) model showed a weak rainfall-runoff relationship. It was demonstrated that the linear assumption is valid only for the first four antecedent days. A considerable non-linear rainfall-runoff relationship was clearly observed from the results of (LVGFM) and the (NLM) models. Both models were satisfactorily identified at system memory of (17) antecedent days. However, the (LVGFM) was slightly superior to the (NLM). The (LVGFM) identified at system memory of seventeen antecedent days was used to simulate runoff flows. The simulation results show an acceptable applicability for the (LVGFM) in terms of simulating runoff events in time of its occurrence and volumetric fitness. The water budget for Upper Adhaim River Basin showed that an average of 73.4% from annual rainfall was evapotranspired, 8.0% was infiltrated and 18.6% was observed as direct runoff.
To classification groundwater quality in the study area, three wells were drilled at a depth of 10m and selected two locations across Al Warrar Canal to represent their water quality. Water samples were collected from these wells and the Warrar Canal to examine water quality. Then results were compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) limits to study the Index of Water Quality (WQI). WQI was calculated according to the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), and the quality of water was evaluated for domestic and irrigation uses. The samples were tested for electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, chloride, total hardness, nitrate, and alkalinity according to the standard methods. The results of laboratory analysis showed significant differences among the wells and Warrar Canal water quality in the measured parameters according to WHO limits. Due to many human activities like urbanization, agrarian overflow, drainage of untreated sewage, and industrialization, high values of trace elements and heavy metals were recorded in wells three. For agriculture purposes, the results show that the water in the three wells is very high salinity, where the Warrar Canal is high salinity, and Canal water causes saline and alkali damages. It was recommended that the WQI in three wells was poor water quality whereas, marginal water quality was pointed in AL Warrar Canal.
AbstractSolid waste data survey for the period from 1977 and 2002 has been collected andanalyzed, while the solid waste generated in six regions in Baghdad, which were selectedand estimated to be 1435 houses and 28643 households for the period 2000-2005 wasstudied. The growth of Baghdad's population, increasing urbanization and rising standardsof living have all contributed to an increase in both the amount and the variety of soliddomestic wastes.The amounts of waste generated and their sources, the type of materials in eachwaste stream, their properties, potential toxicity, and the hazards were evaluated. The lackof reliable time series on solid waste streams and rapid changes in the composition ofwaste streams are a serious impediment to setting priorities in solid waste management inBaghdad. The basic conclusions from this study are:-- The waste generated per capita in Rusafa, Kerkh and Baghdad increased from 0.32,0.46 and 0.354 kg/day in 1977 to 0.98, 1.37 and 1.11 kg/day respectively in 2002.- Municipal wastes in Baghdad have a higher proportion of organic matter and ash,higher moisture content and lower paper content. Organic matter and ash may account for between 76-89% of all wastes in low income settlements. Thepercentage of organic waste decreased from 91.17% in 1977 to 64% in 2002, whileplastic, paper, textile, metal, wood and glass wastes increased slightly at the sameperiod.- Collected solid wastes amounts were less than evaluated solid wastes amountsduring the period from 1977 to 2005 because of war and economic sanction.Keyword: SolidWaste management, Waste composition and characteristics, Baghdad city