Ramadi city is one of the cities, which needs to a comprehensive transportation studies because of the change in the economic and social state of the population. This change cause an increasing in the number of population and the proportion of owns the vehicle, thus increasing the number of trips, thereby making them suffer jamming in the transportation network at peak hours. For purposes of this study, the city were divided into 18 zones in which data has been collected for special statement makers trips (the rate of income, vehicle ownership,...... etc.), the purpose of the trip, and the characteristics of transportation modes (the time of trip, the cost of the trip ,.... ... etc). A model was building for the purpose of the trip (shopping trip, working trip, and education trip) to predict the percent of contribution of each type of transportation modes for trips attraction to the city, by finding of the relationship between them and the characteristics of trip ,trip-makers and transportation modes. a strong linear equations where found after analysis by multi-linear regression and these equations can be used in the future forecasting for the city.
The estimating of the preliminary costs of any suggested project is the essential base to determine the required budget which needs an experience and some previous data about the projects which constructed in the past but these data are not available for the Iraqi contracting companies , they depending on a few simple storage building . This research consists of study and analysis of fifty different size of storage building which had been built during (1994-2003). The differences in cost between these building are studied too, by comparing the cost between every building against other building. Depending on the available data and field study, the storage building is classified according to proposed conditions. As result there are suggested cost indices for the storage building, also the researcher use mathematical equations to determine the indices and the preliminary cost. The results of applying evaluation show the great ability in determining the preliminary cost
Extracted asphalt from the sulphate asphalt springs in Heet area was prepared to study its properties and its also involve the study of UV and IR spectra of the natural samples and compared to the spectra of similar petroleum samples taken from Al-DORA Refinery .The study shows that the properties of natural asphalt have a great similitude with the asphalt samples resulting from refining Iraqi petroleum. Analysis of UV and IR for the asphalt sample show the existence of heavy organic compounds, that’s found in asphalt extracted from refineries that used for building and construction and for road pavements.
Extracted asphalt from the sulphate asphalt springs in Heet area was prepared to study its properties and its also involve the study of UV and IR spectra of the natural samples and compared to the spectra of similar petroleum samples taken from Al-DORA Refinery .The study shows that the properties of natural asphalt have a great similitude with the asphalt samples resulting from refining Iraqi petroleum. Analysis of UV and IR for the asphalt sample show the existence of heavy organic compounds, that’s found in asphalt extracted from refineries that used for building and construction and for road pavements.
AbstractConstruction of concrete structures involves at least two different main materials: concrete and steel. Design of these structures should be based on cost rather than weight minimization. In this work, least cost design of singly and doubly reinforced beams is done by applying of the Lagrangian multipliers method (LMM) under ultimate design constraint beside other constraints. Cost objective functions and moment constraints are derived and implemented within the optimization method. The optimum solution comparisons with conventional design methods are performed and the result reported, showing that the LMM can be successfully applied to the minimum cost deign of reinforced concrete beams without need for iterative trials. Optimum design solution surfaces have been developed. Good and reliable results have been obtained and confirmed by using standard design procedures. The artificial neural networks (ANN) has been trained with design data obtained from optimal design formulas. After successful trials, the model predicted the optimum depth of the beam sections and optimum areas of steel required for the problems with accuracy satisfying all design constraints.
Construction materials are very important in industrial construction. The factors which affect the lost and damage ratio on were studied by classification the lost and damage in the materials. In addition the following factors : 1-Estimation and design. 2-Storege and delivery. 3-Effisincy of management. 4-Applied guard and security on materials storage. 5-Approsh of material transport. Were also studied determination of the effect ratio for every factors was tabulated in order to use by the management for control the lost and damage. Simple equations were presented to help the constructional management to find the modified ratio of lost in according to the effect factors. It was found some conclusion and recommendation which can direct the construction managements to use the suggested tables and equations to reduce the damage ratio of construction materials.
This research concerns, with studying the proposed of a simulation program, which is related with the process of movement and handling of construction materials on site. to reduce the handling wastes cost. This research deals with all factors affecting construction materials movement on site. Through a proposed program, weakness points of the mentioned factors can be specified and treated either with an applied program or Administrative procedures. Detailed literature survey was performed, detailed field investigation, analysis of collected data, and interviews with selected and well qualified and experienced management personal representing a wide variety of construction firms and companies. The results obtained from the mentioned actions confirmed the research hypothesis. A computer program was prepared, to simulate all construction materials movement stages affecting the movement and handling of construction materials. The proposed program, includes and perform several functions such as , simulation of construction materials management activities, evaluation of the existing status, finding out management solutions and training aspects, that helps in training engineers, possessing little experience in managing construction materials on site. To examine the capability extent of applying the proposed program at the site, the program function applied on tow construction projects and to be examined by experts. The examination was illustrated the program efficiency to reduce movement and handling costs of construction materials. The research recommended the applications of the proposed program to get its benefits and to achieve the research objectives. Further and future researches were proposed, such as expert system to evaluate and develop the performance of construction management in the field of on site materials management.
In the circumstances interface Iraq wars and a lack of public services to citizens, water remains the most important requirements of daily life and must be accorded primary importance by ensuring that the processing of citizens with drinking water quality and conformity with the standard specifications, and that can be done not through the presence of plants To treat drinking water with high efficiency. In this research study of the Show a water Fallujah, which consists of the traditional liquidation of most water stations in Iraq , sedimentation and filtration and sterilization, has been studying each stage of the three phases through the collection of information and testing of each phase, has found that the plant Efficient (57%) of a deposition, and the efficiency (50%) of the nomination phase and the efficiency (40-90%) in the sterilization stage, within the World Health Standards for water quality characteristics , PH was equal to( 6.7), and equal to (3 turbidity unit international) turbidity, and electrical Alaissali (1100 μs/cm ), and the total salt concentration of TDS equal to (530mg/L) for drinking water out of the station, The concentration of suspended solids (40 mg / L) are not in conformity with the specifications
In this study remote sensing was employed with Geographical Information System (GIS) for study the hydrochemistry properties for Habania Lake that is located on Euphrates river, where the use of traditional methods are not fulfill the demands for study quality and situation of water of great areas which need enough time and money . Analytic study was performed on hydrochemical aspect through samples of store water and make physical and chemical water tests with GIS to product layers represent place distribution nature of these elements on the whole area of reservoir through the use of satellite image. The present study concluded that the use of remote sensing , geographic information system and analytic study for samples was employed to study quality and situation of water .
AbstractA geophysical study using seismic wave velocities data, including compressional and shear wave velocity (Vp and Vs) values, for 14 sites has been carried out. These sites are located within the Mesopotamian plain and surroundings. Both seismic and geotechnical data have been conducted by the National Center for Construction Laboratories and Research (NCCLR) in Iraq. Some geotechnical parameters have been deduced from seismic velocities either from Vp or Vs. Correlations between seismic velocities (Vp and Vs) and geotechnical properties have been derived. These relations show direct proportionalities between Vp and Vs with standard penetration test (SPT-N value). LiuefyPro software has been utilized for two selected Iraqi sites to investigate the liquefaction potential. Input data of the program will be based on those derived from the compressional and shear wave velocities. The application shows a total settlement for saturated and dry sand of 32 mm for the first site while no settlement has been indicated for the second site. It was found that the high value of both wave velocities for a cohesionless fully saturated soil gives an indication that this soil is unable to liquefy and settle under earthquake excitation and vice versa.
The estimating of the preliminary costs of any suggested project is the essential base to determine the required budget which needs an experience and some previous data about the projects which constructed in the past but these data are not available for the Iraqi contracting companies , they depending on a few simple storage building . This research consists of study and analysis of fifty different size of storage building which had been built during (1994-2003). The differences in cost between these building are studied too, by comparing the cost between every building against other building. Depending on the available data and field study, the storage building is classified according to proposed conditions. As result there are suggested cost indices for the storage building, also the researcher use mathematical equations to determine the indices and the preliminary cost. The results of applying evaluation show the great ability in determining the preliminary cost
This paper presents a detailed explanation about the types of control charts or statistical adjustment, their importance, the qualities of their usage and the method of how to work with them. Besides, it presents the types, characteristics, and usage of the concrete blocks as a theoretical side of the paper. As an applied side of the paper, it introduces the method of using the control charts in determining the suitable decisions about the production process of manufacturing concrete blocks, and how it would help to show the actual variation in the produced units. Identification of defected units in an early stage of production will save materials and production costs.
Considering the corporations of the projects engineering in the universities from important corporations because they which work from projects contribute in prosperity and development of construction. Although for the quality management importance and concept application on the effects of these corporations, therefore must be first application quality management in these projects. The aim of this research to study the management system which used in the engineering affairs corporation (University of Tikrit study case). The harmony evaluation purpose between the management systems with the quality management system dependency on the tests menus which limited I.S.O. 9001/2000 and visit the corporation of projects engineering in university of tikrit for study the management system. Where as a questionnaire form was prepared, included answer on the questions of the tests menus, questionnaire distributed on the group of corporation engineering staff and some engineers whose they worked past in this corporation to fill the answers on questionnaire. The questionnaire results show that this corporation suffer disadvantage very clear in the corporation system structure. After that the Researchers suggest the management system build which can be more active and with high response on requirements of quality managemen
AbstractPresented in this paper is a variational solution of the two-endpoint boundary value problem of route location in cost heterogeneous terrain. The terrain consists of two cost subregions separated by a single straight cost boundary line. The integral concerning the total transportation cost is minimized to obtain the optimum route. The analytical solution developed on the basis of calculus of variations was applied to different cases of cost ratios using a computer program, which was written in MCAD language. A comparison is made between the developed analytical solution based on variational technique with that based on Snell’s law of light refraction and excellent agreement was obtained.
The concept of the modern maintenance management has been developed inparallel with the international development of the science and technology, especiallytargets identification of the management, and it’s duties in the hydraulicestablishments.The research included a real state study of maintenance management activitiesof Himreen dam to propose a suitable maintenance management system. Also itpresented a description of the dam importance and discussed the concept of themodern maintenance; definition, classification, and the analysis of the four factors ofmanagement system which are (planning, organizing, directing and controlling).The field survey included preparing the questionnaire list, conducting thestatistical analysis for it's axes, and discussing the results.Many conclusions and recommendations have been deduced which related tothe applications of the maintenance management in the dam project, and to generalizethe proposed system in future to all dam’s projects in Iraq.
الخلاصةتتمیز المیاه المطروحة من المستشفیات بأنها ذات تدفق واطئ وملوثات خطرة ، الأمر الذی یجعل معالجتهابشکل منفصل عن میاه الصرف الصحی ضرورة ملحة . فی هذه الدراسة تم إجراء مسح نوعی وکمی للمیاهالمطروحة من خمسة مستشفیات ، تقع فی منطقة العلویة / بغداد ، بهدف إیجاد المتطلبات التصمیمیة اللازمةلتصمیم وحدة معالجة صغیرة متنقلة یمکن تصنیعها بعیداً عن المستشفى ونصبها بخط واحد أو أکثر حسب قیمةالتصریف الخارج من المستشفى. لوحظ من خلال الفحوصات المختبریة أن هناک زیادة فی تراکیز الموادالعالقة والکلوریدات والمتطلب الکیماوی للاوکسجین عنه فی میاه الصرف الصحی بسبب الأغبرة وموادالتنظیف الناتجة عن التنظیف والتعقیم المستمر للمستشفیات . تم تصمیم وحدة المعالجة باستخدام معدلاتالتصریف والأحمال البیولوجیة لتکون قابلة للاستخدام فی جمیع المستشفیات سیما ذات التدفقات والأحمالالمقاربة .
تضمن هذا البحث دراسة انتاج خرسانة الزجاج ومقارنة مقاومتها مع خلطة مرجعیة تمثل خلطة کتل البناء الخرسانیة المحملة (البلوک). ان الهدف من البحث هو إعادة استعمال فضلات الزجاج وذلک بإبدال جزء من الرکام الناعم او جزء من الاسمنت أو أجزاء من کلیهما بفضلات الزجاج المطحونة الى مقاسات معینة ومن ثم دراسة مقاومة انضغاط الناتج النهائی. بینت النتائج بان مقاومة الانضغاط بعمر ( 28 )یوم للخلطة المرجعیة هی ( 42.3 ) میکاباسکال ولخلطات خرسانة الزجاج ( 3,2,1 ) هی على التوالی ( 39.1,40.9,39.2 ،) میکاباسکال ویلاحظ عدم ظهور فروقات کبیرة وملحوظة فی مقاومة الانضغاط بین الخلطات الأربع. بسبب امکانیة ابدال کمیات من الاسمنت او الرمل او کلیهما معاً بمسحوق فضلات الزجاج مع عدم ظهور فروقات کبیرة فی المقاومة فإن إنتاج خرسانة الزجاج یکون اقتصادیا مقارنة بالخرسانة الاعتیادیة التی تمتلک نفس المقاومة.
تضمن هذا البحث دراسة انتاج خرسانة الزجاج ومقارنة مقاومتها مع خلطة مرجعیة تمثل خلطة کتل البناء الخرسانیة المحملة (البلوک). ان الهدف من البحث هو إعادة استعمال فضلات الزجاج وذلک بإبدال جزء من الرکام الناعم او جزء من الاسمنت أو أجزاء من کلیهما بفضلات الزجاج المطحونة الى مقاسات معینة ومن ثم دراسة مقاومة انضغاط الناتج النهائی. بینت النتائج بان مقاومة الانضغاط بعمر ( 28 )یوم للخلطة المرجعیة هی ( 42.3 ) میکاباسکال ولخلطات خرسانة الزجاج ( 3,2,1 ) هی على التوالی ( 39.1,40.9,39.2 ،) میکاباسکال ویلاحظ عدم ظهور فروقات کبیرة وملحوظة فی مقاومة الانضغاط بین الخلطات الأربع. بسبب امکانیة ابدال کمیات من الاسمنت او الرمل او کلیهما معاً بمسحوق فضلات الزجاج مع عدم ظهور فروقات کبیرة فی المقاومة فإن إنتاج خرسانة الزجاج یکون اقتصادیا مقارنة بالخرسانة الاعتیادیة التی تمتلک نفس المقاومة.
The look for the new water resources and the optimal using of available water is very important because of high change in the climate of the earth, the dry wave in the region as well as the decreases of the water inflow to the Euphrates and the tigress river because of the building of the dams upstream the basin in Turkey and Syria. In the present study, four biggest catchments area in the Iraqi western desert (wadi Horan, wadi AlGhadaf, wadi Ubayiad, wadi Tubul) were selected to study the hydrologic properties to determine the best region for the water harvesting because these areas include the most water harvesting project such as the small dams. Present hydrologic study was depended on the available data to determine the amount of runoff that can be harvested according to measuring data of metrological station in the region with the method of hydrograph for analysis. For the period (1971-1976) the study showed wadi Al-ghdaf is the best region for water harvesting according to the number of floods to the cathment area (44 floods) with water volume (1047*106m3), and the average water harvesting (7098.64 m3/km2). The second is wadi Horan the number of floods to the cathment area (33 floods) with water volume (2033.29*106m3), and the average water harvesting (6115.16 m3/km2). Then wadi al Ubyaid number of floods to the cathment area (21 floods) with water volume (405.197*106m3) and the average water harvesting (2493.52 m3/km2). The last one is wadi Tubul with number of floods to the cathment area (18 floods) with water volume (909.36 and the average water harvesting (2231.6 m3/km2)*106m3)
ی This research aims to highlight the role of risks management in presenting a formalapproach to entry decisions to the markets of construction through the adoption of theanalytical hierarchy techniques, and simulation, as a technique in selecting particularrisk responses.To attain the aim of the research, special data which deal with the topic of risksmanagement, and their techniques, were collected from personal interviews ofspecialists of designers and executives of construction projects.The results of data analysis of samples have shown that risks of fluctuation of supplyand demand on materials, equipment or labor and changes in government policy are the most emerged risks with respect to qualitative assessment and the most highlight risksof relative importance are risks of changes in government policy and the fluctuation ofsupply and demand on materials and internal factors. And risk responses which arerepresented by contingency and specifying a clause in the contract which is concernedwith the changeable circumstances have gained the largest share of importance ascompared with other alternatives.In the light of what have been reached by the surrounded risks of the constructionproject, a management system has been constructed which can be adopted in qualitativeassessment of risks and in simulating this assessment ,so that can be depended on inquantitative assessment of risks through quantifying the influence of risks on projectcost by using simulation technique. To gain from the advantages of computer, acomputer program has been designed that depends on the bases of the managementsystems which have been suggested to be constructed.
The main objective of the present study is to maintain clear environment by using natural fibers that not cause pollution. Two types of Jute fibers as mat were used to produce ratting polyester composites after treating these fibers with Iraqi dolomite of 0.2, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 percentages % where, eight specimens were prepared. Manual casting used to prepared these specimens by using fibers of 2.8 mm diameter between two layers of Resin for all specimens. Mechanical properties tests includes creep, tensile, and hardness by Shore method where best results of creep and tensile strength reduction are given with 0.9% of Iraqi dolomite. Hardness proportional with concentration of dolomite. Physical properties tests includes color, yellowness of color, were the samples exposed to U.V of 254 nm short length wave for 150 hours. The Jute fibers affected the color while the dolomite effects were inconsiderable, also the absorption of acidic and base solutions were proportionate reversely with increasing of dolomite and fibers' mat percentage. In biological tests, the Fungus growth on composite body decreased with increasing dolomite percentage and no great lost of weight. The present study shown that the Jute fibers in the composite body and concentration of Iraqi dolomite improve the mechanical, physical, and biological properties of polyester Resin composites with Jute fibers.
This study was involved with the diffferent types of cracks and reptures that may occur in structures, also a practical case for a school building in Al – Ramadi city is presented in this work. Necessary and instantenuos ways for treatments were suggested in this study.It was obvious that this building needs to support footing .In addition, supporting the columns and concrete beams was included in the present work
This study was involved with the diffferent types of cracks and reptures that may occur in structures, also a practical case for a school building in Al – Ramadi city is presented in this work. Necessary and instantenuos ways for treatments were suggested in this study.It was obvious that this building needs to support footing .In addition, supporting the columns and concrete beams was included in the present work
AbstractDeflection of partially prestressed concrete beams is investigated using the finite element method taking in to account the plasticity of steel, nonlinearity of concrete in compression and tension softening of concrete. Embedded bar approach is used to represent the steel reinforcement and prestressing tendon in concrete layer. Elastic perfectly-plastic approach has been employed to model the compressive behaviour of the concrete.The yield condition is formulated in terms of the first two-stress invariants. The movement of the subsequent loading surfaces is controlled by the hardening rule, which is extrapolated from the uniaxial stress-strain relationship defined by a parabolic function. Concrete crushing is a strain controlled phenomenon, and can be monitored by a fracture surface similar to the yield surface. A smeared fixed crack approach is used to model the behaviour of the cracked concrete, with a tensile strength criterion to predict crack initiation. The steel is considered as an elastic perfectly plastic material with linear strain hardening, steel reinforcement is assumed to have similar tensile and compressive stress-strain relationship. The calculated and the observed effects have shown a satisfactory agreement compared with experimental results.
This research includes a study of the behavior of beams made from No-fine concrete using 10 maximum size of aggregate and improved by SBR polymer. From test results, the effect of addition of polymer to concrete leads to improved compressive and flexural strengths, The beams improved by polymer failed under loads more than the beams which were made from reference concrete. The percentage increases in compressive strength for No-fines polymer concrete compared with reference concrete were (41%, 58, 38%) for ages (3,7,28) days respectively
The construction projects are designed and implemented according to the needs of the employer and according to reasonable program and cost, and if the employer is not the performer in this case he needs an experience constructor and adequate capacity to assume responsibilities for all phases of the project implementation .the challenges facing the construction industry in Iraq, especially in the current circumstances necessitate the workers serious thought in order to advance progress in construction area for the better. The research idea has crystallized on the subject (choosing the most appropriate tender) with a study of application case for construction projects in Iraq due to the emergence of tenders referral to bids least price or referral to certain companies without competition and consequently the emergence of serious problems including humanitarian problems and economic and otherwise. Since corruption in the contracts implementation and conclusion is a major disaster on the industrialized and developing countries a like , especially when bribe money is large and when man prefers money to values, the result will be poor construction quality, weak management and this what can be seen in construction sector in Iraq, the time being.
The construction projects are designed and implemented according to the needs of the employer and according to reasonable program and cost, and if the employer is not the performer in this case he needs an experience constructor and adequate capacity to assume responsibilities for all phases of the project implementation .the challenges facing the construction industry in Iraq, especially in the current circumstances necessitate the workers serious thought in order to advance progress in construction area for the better. The research idea has crystallized on the subject (choosing the most appropriate tender) with a study of application case for construction projects in Iraq due to the emergence of tenders referral to bids least price or referral to certain companies without competition and consequently the emergence of serious problems including humanitarian problems and economic and otherwise. Since corruption in the contracts implementation and conclusion is a major disaster on the industrialized and developing countries a like , especially when bribe money is large and when man prefers money to values, the result will be poor construction quality, weak management and this what can be seen in construction sector in Iraq, the time being.
AbstractThe crystalline zeolite, namely faujasite type Y with SiO2/Al2O3 mole ratio of 5 was used as raw material for preparation of isomerization catalysts. Decationized HY-zeolite was prepared by treating Na Y-zeolite with solution of 4N ammonium chloride through ion exchange, drying at 110°C, and calcination initially at 150°C and the temperature increased to 525°C with a rate of 75°C/h to liberate NH3 and water. Then, HY-zeolite was reduced with hydrogen at 380°C, then fabricated as a spherical shape and calcined at 400°C.A 0.5 wt % Pt/HY-zeolite catalyst was prepared by impregnation with chloroplatinic acid. The catalyst was dried at 110°C over night, calcined at 400°C and reduced with hydrogen at 380°C. The prepared catalyst powder was then formulated as a spherical shape with 20% sodium silicate. The decationized HY-zeolite was treated with HCl, HNO3 and HI promoters using different normalities and with different concentrations of Sn, Ni and Ti promoters by impregnation method to obtain acidic and metallic promoters' catalysts, respectively. A 0.5 wt% of Pt was added to above catalysts using impregnation method. The catalysts were then dried, calcined, reduced and formulated using the same steps in preparation of Pt/HY-zeolite catalyst.
Ramadi city is one of the cities that become need to Transportation planning studies , so its, last time have increase in population changed in social and economic state and have increasing in number of moving vehicles و which causes jamming in transportation network. For the purpose of study, the city was divided into 18 zones and data was collected through this zone. Data was related to socioeconomic characteristics of the population and field surveys were done for the base year (2000). The study has achieved building trip production model in Ramadi city, through find relationship between socioeconomic characteristics (car ownership, family income, employee no. , family no. , population, family size, time and cost trip, distance to the center and area of the dwelling). It was found that the number of families is the most influential variable to trip production model.
One of the most important hydraulic structures which are used in irrigation systems are the broad crested weirs, which can be defined as a vertical barrier in a canal or tank side in which the water may flow freely. This weir can be used to measure the discharge and to raise the water level in the upstream. In this study the effect of longitudinal section on streamlined flow over broad crested weir has been investigated. Loss in energy, working efficiency and the coefficient of discharge have been considered. Experimental study carried out using (25) samples with six different hydraulic heads. The analysis of results indicate that the coefficient of discharge (Cd) increases with increasing Froud Number (Fr) and the most effective slope of upstream and downstream faces of the weir wear (45°) and (60°) respectively, at which the coefficient of discharge demonstrated was (0.644
AbstractThis work presents the study of water flow through a packed bed containing spherical glass particles distributed randomly. The packed bed was 7.62 cm in diameter and 57 cm long. The glass particles were 0.42, 0.50, 0.61, 0.79 and 1.01 cm in diameter. Different flow rates of fluid were used which expressed by modified Reynolds number. The experiments were carried out at laboratory temperatures at city water temperature (25◦C) for water flow. Many variables were studied in this work such as fluid type, flow rate and the packing porosity, in order to study the effect of these variables on the pressure drop and friction factor. The results showed that the pressure drop through a packed bed is highly sensitive to the packing porosity which has a significant effect on the friction factor. It was found that as the bed porosity increases the friction factor values as well as the pressure drop values decrease.Empirical correlation for friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for water flow through packed of mono size packing has been made, and can be written as follows: The correlation coefficient was 0.97406 and percentage of average errors was 2.44%.
Ramadi city is one of the cities that become need to Transportation planning studies , so its, last time have increase in population changed in social and economic state and have increasing in number of moving vehicles و which causes jamming in transportation network. For the purpose of study, the city was divided into 18 zones and data was collected through this zone. Data was related to socioeconomic characteristics of the population and field surveys were done for the base year (2000). The study has achieved building trip production model in Ramadi city, through find relationship between socioeconomic characteristics (car ownership, family income, employee no. , family no. , population, family size, time and cost trip, distance to the center and area of the dwelling). It was found that the number of families is the most influential variable to trip production model.
This research investigates the efficiency of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) method in detecting voids and depth of cracks in concrete. Tests were performed to compare the accuracy between the direct and indirect method of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity method (UPV) in detecting the location of defects. Three concrete prisms with fabricated void at a known location were used and tested at 28 day. Two other prisms were casted and tested to detect of crack depth in concrete, cracks at depth of 5 and 10 cm perpendicular to axis of beam were induced without actually breaking the beam. Test results indicate that direct and indirect methods can be used to assess the in-situ properties of concrete or for quality control on site, and the first and second method of determining the crack depth gave results with high accuracy while the results of third method were lower than the actual crack depth and for the forth method were higher than it. Therefor, we can use the average of the third and forth results to obtain the crack depth with good accuracy.
AbstractSemi-empirical equation for water flow through packed bed of sphere particles of mono size packing system has been estimated depending on Buckingham theorem. Different parameters affecting the pressure drop of fluid flow through packed bed have been studied. These parameters are fluid velocity, bed porosity, bed diameter, sphericity, particle diameter, packing height and wall effect. Several types and kinds of packing materials have been used in this study such as (Pea Gravel, Marbles, Glass Marbles, Black Marbles, Clear Marbles, Acrylic balls and Glass spheres). The diameters of the packing materials used in this model are from the range of (0.2-8.89) cm, the porosity is from the range of (0.3-0.47), the bed diameters is from the range of (7.62 - 15.24) cm and the height of packing is from the range of (26.03 - 55.88) cm. πThe results of all calculations for the estimated equations have been compared with many documented experimental literatures. This comparison gave a very good agreement, and has been represented in curves. The results from Ergun equation using similar conditions have been represented in the curves for the sake of comparison.
To find the Reduced Level ( R.L.) by traditional methods especially by the precise methods , for example using the level , needs time , hard work and then high cost . By using the new technology like Global Positioning System (GPS) reduces the time , the work and the cost .But the highest accuracy still remains for the traditional methods , and approximately the same accuracy could be reached by using precise surveying receivers of GPS with precise methods .Because there are no surveying receivers ,a navigation receiver (Trimble Geo XT handheld receiver ) is used in this research to get the (R.L.) (height above the Mean Sea Level ( the Fao in Iraq )) in the used system in Iraq (Clarke – 1880) in the area where the measurements are done( the University of Technology ). The (R.L.) of points in any other area in Iraq ,and by any other system in other country could be found in the same method . In this method , the changing factor from the measured heights (HAE) on the World Geodetic System (WGS – 1984 ) in any determined area by using the above receiver to heights on ( Clarke – 1880) in the same area can be found . When the changing factor of any area is found, the measured height of any point in this area (HAE) by using a receiver of (GPS) could be changed to the height in (Clarke – 1880 ). Then the (R.L.) of this point could be calculated by adding the Separation or the Geoidal Height between the Ellipsoid and the Geoid for the point , and the reverse is possible also.
The main rule of this search is determining the effect adding various types of fiber to normal concrete mixes on performance normal strength concrete ,it has been used three types of fibers (glass, short steel fibers& long steel fibers)with different contents in mixes(0.5,1.0&1.5%) respectively. It had been cast (210) cubes with dimensions (100×100×100m) mm,(160) cylinders with dimensions (100×200) mm , All concrete specimens heated under different temperatures (100,200,300,400,500 &600 C°) at age 28 days, so that it had been stayed under specified temperatures about two hours then , cooled in naturally in room temperatures and tested in compressive for cubes &splitting strength for cylinders. The results stated that the fiber improve the compressive strength under fire temperatures about (87%) compare with reference mixes, and the fiber glass take little differences than steel fiber in splitting strength when its content reach (1.0,1.5%) respectively and using this types of fibers improved the properties of concrete against the fire.
With the progress of sciences and knowledges, the development in the field of earth observation and measurements necessary ones, which helped in overcoming the problem of the time and cost required by field surveys in the division of agricultural land. In this study were recruited technical remote sensing, geographic information systems and field surveys for the purpose of assessing the accuracy of the division of agricultural land for agricultural area located in the eastern part of the Ramadi city as they were deducted from Google Earth. Comparison with the other conventional methods, the use of remote sensing and GIS gives adequate accuracy in the area of the division of agricultural land
AbstractThis research includes the study of the effect of adding steel fibres resulting from cutting chicken wire (which is available in Iraqi markets now) as fibres added to the polymer concrete. These fibres were added with percentages of concrete volumes. These percentages were (0.5%) and (1%). Reference concrete mix was also made for comparative reasons. From the results, it can be noted that the increasing of compressive strength of SFPC1 comparing with RPC at 28 days equal to 9.90%, whereas the increasing of compressive strength of SFPC2 comparing with RPC at 28 days is equal to 15.48%. The increasing of splitting strength of SFPC1 comparing with RPC at 28 days equal to 15.50%, whereas the increasing of SFPC2 comparing with RPC at 28 days is equal to 21.40%. The increasing of flexural strength of SFPC1 comparing with RPC at 28 days equal to 10.80%, whereas the increasing of SFPC2 comparing with RPC at 28 days is equal to 20.63%.Results proved that adding of steel fibres with these percentages lead to improvements in compressive strength, splitting strength and flexural strength of concretes containing steel fibres, but the improvement in flexural strength appeared more clearly. Results proved also an increasing in densities of fibre concrete samples according to these made of reference mix.
The first step toward urban transportation planning is to make a data base then to initiate the first mathematical model known as trip generation model which this study adopts. The study area in the waste sector of Ramadi city (Al-Tameem, 5 km) is considered as one sector consists of eight zones containing about 11640 dwelling units. Home interview survey was made of random sample which represent 5% of the study area population. The collected information was concerned with structure, vehicles, families and each person living in the dwelling unit. The total person’s trips per dwelling unit and various purposes were investigated. All data was programmed for analysis by spss program, which took place firstly by multiple linear regression to obtain the primarily models. After series of analysis and trials, the most significant independent variables were identified as family size and car ownership. Also, the final equations for producing trips were obtained. They were reasonable, more practical and carrying the best statistical measures. Set of curves were developed to put the sub models in any easy and more desirable manner for wide application and forecasting.
Concrete is by far the most widely used construction material now today. Foamed concrete is light building material with good strength as well as low thermal conductivity and easy workability; it is produced by either Mix Foam Method or Preformed Foam Method. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity(UPV) is a non destructive technique involve measuring the speed of sound through concrete in order to predict concrete strength and to detect the presence of cracking, voids, decay and other damages. This research includes three main experimental stages:- The first stage includes the production of foamed concrete and it was divided into two parts, the first part, mixing design(determination the proportions of the raw materials) was presented in the second part, the mixing procedure has been illustrated. The second stage includes preparation of samples,(i.e. molding, finishing surface, removal from molds, and curing). The third stage includes several teste to estimate properties the final product and factors influencing them, these properties include density, compressive strength, and the ultrasonic pulse velocity. From the experimental work and at the same test's age, the compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity for foamed concrete with 800 kg/m3 density were respectively (2.38 MPa,1.56 km/s)and the compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity for foamed concrete with 1200 kg/m3 density were respectively (3.7 MPa,1.96 km/s) while it were (7.8 MPa and 2.12 km/s) for foamed concrete with 1600 kg/m3 density
This research includes study the effect of fineness upon physical properties of cement mortar where use ordinary Portland cement with fineness (300 m2/kg) as reference mixture which denoted by symbol (M1), and then produce with flowing fineness (350,400,450 and 500 m2/kg) which denoted by ( M2, M3, M4, M5 ) respectively . The results of study show that increasing in fineness makes an increase in water quantity that requires for consistence of standard paste and the ratio of above mixes with reference mixture (2%,5%,7%,11%)respectively, although the increasing in density for all ages and increasing in compressive strength in early age, the increasing ratio in 3 days age was ( 45% , 50% , 60% , 70%)respectively .this increasing in fineness makes increasing in ratio of flow as compared with reference mix(16%, 25%, 50%, 66%) respectively
In this paper three material with equal amount have been chosen to make a mixture, these materials are sand (passing sieve no. 1.18, porosity 0.41), activated carbon (passing sieve no. 4.75, porosity 0.51), crushed bricks (passing sieve no. 20, porosity 0.47), the mixture was used as a bio-filtering media , placed to a height of (1.15) m in a cylindrical filter with diameter of (300)mm and a height of (2)m which is designed and constructed from (PVC). The filter is equipped with three piezometers fixed at three point along the height of the cylindrical filter, in addition to three overflows at different height, and an outlet with control valve. On May 2010 the filter was operated with a synthetic wastewater similar to domestic sewage in order to determine the hydraulic and sanitary characteristics of the filter. Then the feeding of waste water was continued for 3 weeks in order to stimulate the growth of bio-film. On June 2010 the filter was operated with gray water to determine the change in filter characteristics after the bio-film growth, and to evaluate filter efficiency to treat this water for the purpose of reuse. The outcome of this work showed that the mixed media bio-filter, to a certain extent, is similar in hydraulic characteristics (pressure drop and hydraulic load) to granular activated carbon bio-filter, head loss at (1000) mm depth is (59%) of initial pressure, the growth of bio-film leads to increase in head loss by (43%), decrease in flow by (25|%), decrease in pressure by (16%). According to removal efficiency of pollutants, the results shows an efficient removal of BOD5 (86%), turbidity (96%), TDS (81%) at a retention time (60 minute).
The gypseous soils are distributed in many locations in Iraq. The Engineering properties of such soil will be changed when it is wetted and it leads to failure which causes danger on the structures built on. This reason needs to study its properties and to find the way to treat it. In this study, natural properties of soil prepared from Samarra-Salah al deen governorate were studied. The gypsum content of soil is about 32%. To improve this soil, many trials were carried out on the soil by additive of Portland cement and calcium chloride. For the importance of the compressibility of the soil, the effect of the additives were studied and it is found that addition of 3% of cement or 5% of calcium chloride will improve the soil compressibility.
This research includes study of the of effect of adding sulphur, which is obtained from Samrraa factory on the properties of concrete like compressive strength, flexural strength and splitting tensile strength. The concrete mixes were: (1:8.5:8.5:7), (1:8.5:8.5:9), (1:8.5:8.5:12) and (1:1.5:3:0) (cement: sand: gravel: sulphur) respectively. The results refer to increasing of compressive strength , flexural strength and splitting tensile strength with increasing of sulphur ratio but increasing decreased at age (28)day with respect to ordinary concrete (sulphur ratio=0%).
This research work includes production of new type of light weight concrete and studies the mechanical and thermal properties. Several proportions of raw materials were used to produce this type of concrete. This study is intended to produce light weight concrete with low thermal conductivity so that it can be used for concrete masonry units. Polystyrene aggregate was added as percentages by weight of cement to improve the thermal properties of this type of concrete .Mechanical , and thermal tests with difference ages were made in this work .For polystyrene concrete with polystyrene cement ratio (p/c) of (2.67 – 6 )% , the28-day compressive strength range is from (4.31 – 2.67)MPa, flexural strength range is from (3.05-1.719 ) MPa , density range is from ( 1493-1213 ) kg/m 3 ,and thermal conductivity range is from ( 0.91-0.782)% as a percentage by that of reference mix. The study show suitability of this type of concrete to be used in concrete masonry units of non-bearing walls.
أصبح استخدام میاه مالحة فی الری أمرا مألوفا منذ نحو خمسین عاما حیث تتوفر تلک المیاه فی کثیر من البلدان الفقیرة بالموارد المائیة المتجددة . تناول هذا البحث دراسة تأثیر نسبة الأمطار الفعالة واحتیاجات الغسل (leaching requirements) على إنتاجیة أربعة محاصیل إستراتیجیة عند إروائها بمیاه متوسطة الملوحة من مصدرین مختلفین , حیث تم اعتماد میاه جوفیة من بئرین یبلغ ترکیزهما الملحی 5.43 دسی سیمنز / م , و 8.39 دسی سیمنز / م . تم بناء برنامج حاسوب لتخمین إنتاجیة القمح والشعیر والذرة والقطن عند إروائها بکل من المصدرین المائیین المذکورین تحت ثلاث نسب من احتیاجات الغسل ولأربع حالات من نسب الأمطار الفعالة . لوحظ ارتباط إنتاجیة المحاصیل بعلاقة خطیة مع نسب الأمطار الفعالة , وعلاقات لا خطیة مع احتیاجات الغسل , وقد تناول البحث تفسیر تلک العلاقات .
AbstractA full three dimensional finite element computational model is constructed for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete curved beams. This model was presented utilizing computer program ANSYS (Version 11), which is capable of an efficient analysis of the response at different load levels including ultimate loads.This work deals with the structural analysis of concrete curved beams behaviour subjected to two concentrated loads. Concrete curved beams are widely used in building and bridge constructions. Some of the available experimental tests on reinforced concrete curved beams are theoretically analyzed. This covers load-deflection relationships, crack pattern and propagation of crack at different stages of load and ultimate load capacity. The reliability of the model is demonstrated by comparison with available experimental results and alternative numerical analyses which shows 4 – 8 % difference.
الخلاصةان العناصر الرئيسية لغرض انجاز المشروع الإنشائي بأسلوب التنفيذ المتسارع هي الوقت والكلفة والجودة بحيث يكون ذا منفعة وضمن مدة محددة ومناسبة .إن نجاح المشروع يهم صاحب العمل إضافة إلى كل من الفريق الاستشاري والفريق التنفيذي . يهدف هذا البحث إلى تطوير مقترحات أساسية وعملية للسيطرة على آليات التخطيط العام للمشروع باستخدام التنفيذ المتسارع إضافة إلى الخطط التفصيلية للسيطرة على عامل الوقت بالتزامن مع السيطرة على العاملين الأساسيين الآخرين وهما كلفة المشروع وجودة الأعمال المنفذة، وذلك لغرض تلافي السلبيات و منع الانحرافات التي تسبب تأخير تنفيذ المشروع في الوقت المناسب. ولغرض تحقيق هدف البحث فقد تم إجراء العديد من المقابلات الشخصية مع عينة منتخبة من ذوي الخبرة بالمشاريع الإنشائية التي تنفذ بأسلوب التنفيذ المتسارع ومن الذين يعملون في القطاعين الحكومي والخاص وأخيرا تم استخلاص عدد من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات التي تقدم نظرة جدية وشاملة لجميع الأنشطة والأعمال التي تحيط بالمشروع وتأثيرها على الوقت والكلفة والجودة لغرض التحسين المستمر لمشاريع التنفيذ المتسارع الإنشائية.
At the last period, the problems of the pre-cast concrete units have been increased rapidly due to its unconformity to the adopted specifications with regards to sulphate content. The high content of sulphate in Iraqi fine aggregate in many aggregate quarries, which are out of the Iraqi standard specification limits, causes many difficulties for most pre-cast concrete units Factories to provide an acceptable fine aggregate with regards to sulphate content. This study has been conducted to assess the possibility of using fine aggregate with sulphate content higher than the upper limit of the Iraqi standard (0.5%) to produce pre-cast concrete units: hollow concrete block and paving concrete brick, where the total amount of sulphate has been controlled by decreasing the fine aggregate content in the adopted mixes. The tests are conducted on reference mix with an acceptable fine aggregate according to the Iraqi standard (with regards to sulphate content) and three mixes with fine aggregates contain (1.19, 1.90 and 2.47%) of sulphate respectively. The hollow concrete block and paving concrete brick are produced from all these mixes. The results indicate the possibility of using unacceptable fine aggregate (those with sulphate content higher than 0.5%) to produce an acceptable hollow concrete block and paving concrete brick according to Iraqi specifications. This could be done by reducing the fine aggregate content in the mixtures within a specific limit.