Several different deterministic and probabilistic mathematical approaches have been used to develop modal split models. The data collected by a questionnaire survey approach is frequently associated with subjectivity, imprecision, and ambiguity. additionally, several linguistic terms are used to express some of the transportation planning variables. This can be solved by modeling mode choosing behavior with artificial intelligence techniques such as fuzzy logic. In this research, Ramadi city in Iraq has been selected as a study area. For the purpose of obtaining data, the study area was divided into traffic analysis zones (TAZ). The total number of traffic zones was set as 28 traffic zones, 22 were internal traffic zones and 6 external traffic zones. Field surveys and questionnaires are used to collect data on traffic, land use, and socioeconomic characteristics factors (age, gender, vehicle ownership, family income, trip purpose, trip origin and destination, trip time, waiting duration, duration inside mode, trip origin and destination, trip cost, and type of mode used for transport). The results showed that the modal split models based on the fuzzy inference system can deal with linguistic variables as well as address uncertainty and subjectivity and they gave very good prediction accuracy for future prediction. Fuzzy inference system proved that all factors affected the mode choice with a very strong correlation coefficient (R) equal to 93.1 for general trips but when the results were compared with multiple linear regression model found that the correlation coefficient (R) equal to 28.9 for general trips and the most influential factors on the mode choice are car ownership, age and trip cost. Thus, it can be concluded that fuzzy logic models were more capable of capturing and integrating human knowledge in mode selection behavior. In addition, this study will help decision-makers to plan transportation policies for Ramadi city
The reduction of gases emissions as one of its most significant long-term strategies in any country in the world. Many Iraqi cities suffered from the uncontrolled increasing in the number of vehicles which has a positive relationship with the emission of gases especially the carbon monoxide. This study aims to evaluate the effect of traffic characteristics such as logarithm of average flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and free flow speed on the emission of carbon monoxide. The study selected the main roads in Al- Ramadi network, the data was collected for traffic characteristics and carbon monoxide between 2018 to 2020. A random parameters approach was used to develop a model to estimate the carbon monoxide emission for 345 roadway segments, this approach was used due to the ability of this method to account the heterogeneity that raised from the traffic characteristics which led to predict more accurate results than other approaches. The results of the random parameters model show that the carbon monoxide emission increased due to increase of logarithm of average flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and free flow speed. The model results show that the parameters of logarithm of average flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and free flow speed was varied a cross the roadway segments.
ABSTRACTAn operational analysis is an analytic evaluation of operation on an existing freeway ramps. In this case, all traffic and roadway conditions must be specified. The output of operational analysis is an estimate of the level of service for the ramp in question and of the approximate speed and density at which the traffic stream operations.A ramp is length of roadway providing an exclusive connection between two highway facilities. On freeways, all entering and exiting maneuvers take place on ramps those are designed to facilitate smooth merging of on-ramp vehicles into the freeway traffic stream and smooth diverging of off-ramp vehicles from the freeway traffic stream onto the ramp.The aim of this paper is the operational analysis of ramps on existing 6-lane freeway. This analysis involves the consideration of known freeway of Mohammed Al-Kasim freeway in Baghdad city. Given known geometric roadway conditions and projected traffic conditions, the operational analysis yields an estimate of the level of service and of the speed and density of the traffic stream. This paper has described the procedure for determining the level of service on Mohammed Al-Kasim freeway ramp sections as presented in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM, 2000). Levels of service are determined for all ramps of the freeway using )HCS2000( software. Level of service of all ramps are similar at AM and PM peak hour periods, because the data was collected under ordinary traffic conditions.
One of the most significant aspects of developing any region is establishing a viable road network and determining the relationship between landscape use and road networks. Adequate connectivity and direction are essential for the proper construction of any network. However, the Al-Ramadi road network has received far less attention and appraisal. As a result, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the current road network link in Al-Ramadi city. In addition, the GIS application was used in this study to show the city's primary features. The Alpha index, Beta index, Gamma index, and Eta index were utilized to evaluate the road network in this research. The primary goal of this research is to evaluate how successful the road network is in containing current road traffic and to make recommendations for the future traffic management efficiency to accommodate increase. The findings show that immediate upgrades, such as the construction of new roadways, are essential.
ABSTRACT This research models the relationship between traffic characteristics and lane position on a six-lane divided highway. Both macroscopic and microscopic models were developed to analyze speed-density, speed-flow, and flow-density relationships for each lane, using linear and nonlinear approaches. Additionally, microscopic models were created to investigate speed-spacing, speed-headway, and headway-spacing relationships. Data was gathered using video recordings and radar speed guns, and traditional methods were applied to calculate density and spacing distance, which are typically challenging to measure in the field. Microsoft Excel and SPSS ver.26 software were utilized for analysis. The coefficient of determination (R-square) and the chi-square test were employed to assess the goodness of fit for the models. The results indicated no significant differences between the predicted and observed data, demonstrating critical traffic characteristics and providing insights into vehicular and driver behavior. These models can be utilized to identify various parameters of traffic characteristics in future studies on the examined highway.
The frequency of accidents, as well as statistical models of accident frequency, are often used as a foundation for prioritizing improvements to roadway safety by several transportation organizations. However, the use of accident severities in safety programming has frequently been restricted to the locational assessment of accident fatalities, with little or no emphasis being placed on the full severity distribution of accidents (slight damage, serious damage) which is required in order to properly evaluate the advantages of several competing efforts aimed at improving safety. Within the scope of this research, we provide a sufficient modeling technique that may be used to get a better understanding of the accident severity level that occur on highway segments, as well as the influence of traffic characteristics such as annual daily flow, percentage of heavy vehicle and free flow speed. The modeling approach that used in this research (random parameters model) provides the possibility that the estimated values of the model parameters might differ from one road segment to another to account the heterogeneity of the independent variables. The estimated random parameters models are developed using accident severity data and traffic characteristics data that obtained from Fallujha – Al-Qaeam rural multilane road in Al-Anbar province, Iraq. The results of the estimated results suggest annual daily flow, percentage of heavy vehicle and free flow speed all have significant effect on the accident severity level. For the purpose of prioritizing highway safety improvements, a number of government transportation authority’s base their decisions on accident rates and statistical models of accident rates. The random parameters models have been shown to have significant potential for use as a sufficient method in the programming of highway safety.
Traffic movement is considered a compound phenomenon that is impacted by behavioural, economic, and physical aspects. It is performed within the context of an urban system that consists of road networks and crossings, where the movement crouches to depend. The measuring of identifying their size and densities and current problems helps to Improve and development for roads and streets network existing and important is intersections for purposes the accessibility, potentiality of future intersections, and network development towards constructing a composition to raise the quality and the efficient performance of roads and streets. The study was dependent on a traffic survey for intersections, areas of urban intersections, and the road network of Al-Ramadi city, as well as the number of vehicles that generated a large volume of traffic flow. The use of the program (HCS 2010) to detect appropriate for purposes decreasing traffic congestion and delayed trip time in the areas based on existing and future districts that generate different types and purposes of journeys to lessen the delay trip time to lessen traffic congestion. Therefore, research looks at both sides: first, a study of the existing intersections of the main road network and urban streets, including an examination of the components and shapes of these intersections in the study area; second, an examination of the importance placed on these intersections by the planning and design process.
Transport is a vital part of urban life and a foundation for society's growth. It is a wonderful indication of the growth and development of cities. It protects the free flow of people, commodities and the economy. . Despite the great advancement in technology, it still has many difficulties in developed and developing nations, particularly in our country, such as environmental issues, where congestion leads to traffic pollution, noise and a rise in cars which is a problem in itself.. So transportation is an issue. And it became a subject of attention, requiring consideration of sustainability in the planning and development of transportation systems. Ramadi has been chosen as a model in this study because of its significant impact on sustainable development and the approach that thins our study. Using the data from the study area, which included 27 neighbourhoods, were analyzed by the SPSS statistical program , the results showed that the indicators of the environmental dimension had a direct and strong relationship. For Ramadi and other Iraqi cities, a sustainable development system may be developed based on based on the two indicators of pollution and green areas (0.794 and 0.776), on which a choice can be made about sustainable urban environmental transport.
One of the most important aspects of the developing any area is creating a viable road network and defining the relationship between landscape use and road networks. Proper communication and direction are essential to the proper construction of any network. In addition to providing chances for production and consumption, resource extraction, and social cohabitation, the road network also functions as a hub for these activities. As a consequence, this contributes to the development of cities and the improvement of the level of living. However, Ramadi's road network has not received much attention and evaluation. To identify Ramadi road network transportation indicators, the researchers used geospatial information systems. Connectivity was assessed using the alpha, beta, gamma, and eta indices to describe and analyse the network. The data was collected in the first quarter of 2024. The Alpha, the beta, the gamma, and the eta indexes show weak Al-Ramadi road network connections. Indexes are 0.197, 1.26, 0.43, and 0.82. The research indicates a loss in network connectivity in the study region, necessitating the prioritization of new the roads and a city plan to mitigate network shortages.