The present research focuses on the evaluation of the Tigris river water quality within the city of Baghdad. Thirty samples were collected monthly from ten sites (each site contains three positions center of river, Rasafa side, Karkh side) on the Tigris river within Baghdad city along one year (from Feb.2010 to Feb. 2011). Samples were analyzed for eleven water quality variables including physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The results showed increases in pH, TDS, TSS, Cl-1, SO4-2, and BOD values in some of the sites through study area, but all values remain within the allowable Iraqi and WHO limits except of SO4-2, it was exceeded the allowable limits in multiple sites.
AbstractThis paper describes a traffic behavior at merging (on-ramp) area in Baghdad city. The objective is to predict the acceptable and critical gap necessary for completing merging process in an on-ramp area for vehicles to enter the highway based on observed traffic data.Data were collected from two selected sites which had certain characteristics both operational and geometrical to fit the criteria needed for gap acceptance study which were presented hereinafter. These two sites were on-ramp sections at Mohamed Al-Qasim highway and the Army-Canal highway.Video-recording equipments were used to collect data. The observed data were analyzed, grouped, and processed using computer programs developed by the researcher for this purpose. Standard statistical analysis techniques were used to examine and analyze the observed data.Gap acceptance results are used to determine the critical gap. Critical gaps are playing main role to evaluate level of service and capacity at Highway merging sections. This study measures gaps in the major stream regarding to driver behavior for traffic stream in the merging area. It has been found that different types of drivers will accept different gaps, more aggressive drivers will accept smaller gaps and conservative drivers accept larger gaps.Keywords / Traffic behavior, Gap acceptance, Critical gap, Merging area, Highway capacity.
AbstractThis paper describes a traffic behavior at merging (on-ramp) area in Baghdad city. The objective is to predict the acceptable and critical gap necessary for completing merging process in an on-ramp area for vehicles to enter the highway based on observed traffic data.Data were collected from two selected sites which had certain characteristics both operational and geometrical to fit the criteria needed for gap acceptance study which were presented hereinafter. These two sites were on-ramp sections at Mohamed Al-Qasim highway and the Army-Canal highway.Video-recording equipments were used to collect data. The observed data were analyzed, grouped, and processed using computer programs developed by the researcher for this purpose. Standard statistical analysis techniques were used to examine and analyze the observed data.Gap acceptance results are used to determine the critical gap. Critical gaps are playing main role to evaluate level of service and capacity at Highway merging sections. This study measures gaps in the major stream regarding to driver behavior for traffic stream in the merging area. It has been found that different types of drivers will accept different gaps, more aggressive drivers will accept smaller gaps and conservative drivers accept larger gaps.Keywords / Traffic behavior, Gap acceptance, Critical gap, Merging area, Highway capacity.
Abstract :The intersections "roundabout" is an important part of the highway system. Theoperational efficiency, capacity, safety and cost of the system depend largely upon itsdesign of intersection "roundabout", especially in urban areas.The objectives of the present study include the analysis, evaluation and improvement theoperation traffic of selected roundabout (Kahtan Square) in Baghdad city by analysis anduse many alternatives to improve the roundabout (Kahtan Square) operation under localexist conditions and to present a best proposal to enhance the performance at the requiredfacility.To achieve these objectives, the traffic volumes data collection and geometric layout forKahtan square that required for the traffic and geometrical analysis were gatheredmanually, while SIDRA traffic program is used for the requirements of traffic analysisprocess.It has been concluded that, fly over at the main path of traffic movement at kahtan square(Baya'a – Yarmok hospital) is the best proposal to improve the capacity and trafficoperation for kahtan square.Keywords: Traffic operation, Round about, Level of service, Capacity
Abstract :The increase in traffic volumes at intersections is one of the important problems thatmakes difficulties in the traffic operation management and movement then leads to trafficcongestion in these facilities.Capacity and level of service are important considerations and control points for theanalysis of intersections and evaluate the operation of the intersection.The present paper is dealing with the objectives of the evaluation of the capacity and thelevel of service at Al-Mat'haf square in Baghdad City, and development of alternativeimprovement strategies to overcome the traffic operation problems and to present a bestproposal to enhance the performance from the capacity point of view.To achieve these objectives, the traffic volumes data collection and geometric layout forAl-Mat'haf square that required for the traffic and geometrical analysis were gatheredmanually, while SIDRA traffic program is used for the requirements of traffic analysisprocess.It has been concluded that, fly over connect the direction arrived from Al-Tajneedintersection towards Damascus square is the best proposal to improve the capacity andtraffic operation ability of Al-Mat'haf squareKeywordsTraffic Capacity, Traffic Operation, Level of Service (LOS), Saturation Flow
nan
ABSTRACTAn operational analysis is an analytic evaluation of operation on an existing freeway ramps. In this case, all traffic and roadway conditions must be specified. The output of operational analysis is an estimate of the level of service for the ramp in question and of the approximate speed and density at which the traffic stream operations.A ramp is length of roadway providing an exclusive connection between two highway facilities. On freeways, all entering and exiting maneuvers take place on ramps those are designed to facilitate smooth merging of on-ramp vehicles into the freeway traffic stream and smooth diverging of off-ramp vehicles from the freeway traffic stream onto the ramp.The aim of this paper is the operational analysis of ramps on existing 6-lane freeway. This analysis involves the consideration of known freeway of Mohammed Al-Kasim freeway in Baghdad city. Given known geometric roadway conditions and projected traffic conditions, the operational analysis yields an estimate of the level of service and of the speed and density of the traffic stream. This paper has described the procedure for determining the level of service on Mohammed Al-Kasim freeway ramp sections as presented in the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM, 2000). Levels of service are determined for all ramps of the freeway using )HCS2000( software. Level of service of all ramps are similar at AM and PM peak hour periods, because the data was collected under ordinary traffic conditions.
The objective of this paper is reduced the electrical energy which used in air-condition system by replaced the common roofing system by the another which more suitable for hot climate area. The researcher was build (1x1x3)m sample room at 3rd floor in building at Baghdad city (33.2 °N) for 200mm polystiran thermal insulation for other room surfaces and air-conditioner of 0.5 Ton of refrigeration capacity is used to maintain the standard thermal comfort, the roof thermal behavior study for 15 hr/day, at day 21 from five each months (Jan, March, June, July & September). It was found the suggested roofing system reduced the dead load by 300kg/m2 and the electrical energy which used in air-conditioning system reduced by 37% when used open air gap was used, and become 30% when has used closed air gap has used and became 27% relation to ordinary system.
The object of this paper was reduced the heat transferred quantities from or to internal building space by covering it's external walls with many materials, therefore, the researcher build the (1x1x2) m room sample at 3rd floor for building in Baghdad city (L = 33.2 N°), and (1x2)m wall has East orientation , while the other surfaces were insulated by 200 mm styropor sheets, and using Air – Conditioner 0.5 Ton of refrigeration to afford the standard thermal comfort. The researcher found that, the metal sheet painted with thermal plastic paint with 10 mm thermal insulation used as a cover layer for ordinary wall saved 57% from electrical energy consumption in Air-Conditioner, while used that material without insulation layer gives 46.2% , hollow plastic board (for decorative used) gives 42.5% , hollow faced brick with thermal insulation gives 40.22%, solid flooring brick with thermal insulation gives 39.5% , colour metal sheets with air – gap gives 36.4%, asbestos – cement board coated by reflective aluminum paint gives 34%, the ceramic with thermal insulation gives 31.9%, while all the material – marble , porcelene , hallan stone , fiberglass sheets with 10 mm thermal insulation will gives the electrical energy reduction percentage less than 30% .
AbstractSolid waste data survey for the period from 1977 and 2002 has been collected andanalyzed, while the solid waste generated in six regions in Baghdad, which were selectedand estimated to be 1435 houses and 28643 households for the period 2000-2005 wasstudied. The growth of Baghdad's population, increasing urbanization and rising standardsof living have all contributed to an increase in both the amount and the variety of soliddomestic wastes.The amounts of waste generated and their sources, the type of materials in eachwaste stream, their properties, potential toxicity, and the hazards were evaluated. The lackof reliable time series on solid waste streams and rapid changes in the composition ofwaste streams are a serious impediment to setting priorities in solid waste management inBaghdad. The basic conclusions from this study are:-- The waste generated per capita in Rusafa, Kerkh and Baghdad increased from 0.32,0.46 and 0.354 kg/day in 1977 to 0.98, 1.37 and 1.11 kg/day respectively in 2002.- Municipal wastes in Baghdad have a higher proportion of organic matter and ash,higher moisture content and lower paper content. Organic matter and ash may account for between 76-89% of all wastes in low income settlements. Thepercentage of organic waste decreased from 91.17% in 1977 to 64% in 2002, whileplastic, paper, textile, metal, wood and glass wastes increased slightly at the sameperiod.- Collected solid wastes amounts were less than evaluated solid wastes amountsduring the period from 1977 to 2005 because of war and economic sanction.Keyword: SolidWaste management, Waste composition and characteristics, Baghdad city