Abstract In this study the hydraulic performance of single step broad-crested weir was improved. Through analyzing the parameters that have effect on the shape of the step and its influence on the flow characteristics, and energy dissipation percent (E%) downstream (D/S) of the weir. The differential equation of gradually varied flow for the water surface profile over the weir was solved analytically .Furthermore, empirical relations for E% and discharge coefficient (Cd) due to the affecting factors were derived .The results showed that the weir model when the ratio of the length of D/S step to the length of the weir L2/L1=0.5 gives a higher E% in comparison with other weir models. Three types of flow regimes were observed, nappe flow below 350 cm3 /s/cm, transition flow 350-700 cm3/s/cm and skimming flow upper than 700 cm3/s/cm . The comparison between calculated values by the differential equation of gradually varied flow and experimental values gives a good agreement, the maximum difference is about 7%.Two empirical relations were obtained, the first to estimate Cd in terms of the ratio for upstream U/S water head to U/S weir height H/P1 and L2/L1. While the second relation to estimate E% in terms of the ratio for D/S water head to U/S weir height h/P1, L2/L1 and the Froude number Fr2 with a high correlation coefficient . Key words: Hydraulics; weirs ; performance ; dissipation energy.
The reduction of gases emissions as one of its most significant long-term strategies in any country in the world. Many Iraqi cities suffered from the uncontrolled increasing in the number of vehicles which has a positive relationship with the emission of gases especially the carbon monoxide. This study aims to evaluate the effect of traffic characteristics such as logarithm of average flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and free flow speed on the emission of carbon monoxide. The study selected the main roads in Al- Ramadi network, the data was collected for traffic characteristics and carbon monoxide between 2018 to 2020. A random parameters approach was used to develop a model to estimate the carbon monoxide emission for 345 roadway segments, this approach was used due to the ability of this method to account the heterogeneity that raised from the traffic characteristics which led to predict more accurate results than other approaches. The results of the random parameters model show that the carbon monoxide emission increased due to increase of logarithm of average flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and free flow speed. The model results show that the parameters of logarithm of average flow, the percentage of heavy vehicles, and free flow speed was varied a cross the roadway segments.
The concern over increasing needs for drinking water and awareness for development of systems to improve water quality both for drinking purposes and for effluents from wastewater treatment and industrial facilities have provided incentives to develop new technologies and improve performance of the existing one. Adsorption technology has many advantages over other treatment methods such as simple design, low investment cost, limited waste production, etc. Synthetic water with a dosing of artificial copper solution (Cu No3) was passed through a PVC column (15 cm diameter, 100 cm length) containing limestone as a filter media in three different sizes, using three different hydraulic rates, and three initial influent copper concentrations (7.04, 4.39, 1.72) ppm .For this study, three experiments have been conducted; continuous batch and field experiment. The up flow roughing filtration is the suitable technique to recover heavy metals present in aqueous solutions, without the need of adding further substances. The filtration results demonstrated that the smaller size of filter media (3.75) mm gave higher removal efficiency (93.75 – 98.80) % than larger filter media (9.50) mm which gave removal efficiency of (67.61 – 94.0) %. This is due to the large specific surface. The smaller size of limestone achieved the longer detention time (49) min, so the removal of Cu was more than (90) % for the (50) min of experiment. At lower flow rate (0.16) L/min, the removal efficiency was higher than at higher flow rate (0.77) L/min. At high flows, there is a reduced period of surface contact between the particles and copper solution. This study also involved three different batch experiments .The removal efficiency was (93- 97) % for the three types of limestone which indicates the importance of limestone media in the removal process. This also indicates that the removal efficiency was increasing with the increase of the limestone volume. Field experiment has been conducted using wastewater from Al- Dura Electric Station on the three types of limestone so that to ensure the laboratory tests. It was achieved good removal efficiency range from (87.5) % to(97.5) % at the high adsorbent dose .To calibrate the physical model, a computer program of multiple regressions is used to assess the relative importance of the predicted variables. The partial correlations indicate that influent concentration of copper, surface loading (flow rate), and detention time are the most important variables while the size of limestone is not important as others.
The spillway is an important structure in the dams, used to pass the flood wave to the downstream safely. In the past decades, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has evolved. Research findings have shown the CFD models are a great alternative for laboratory models. According to it, the flow pattern over ogee spillways can be studied in a short time and without paying high expenses. Because the flow over the ogee spillway is turbulent and has a free surface, its properties are complex and often difficult to predict. Therefore, the present paper focuses on the study of turbulence closure models including the standard k-ε, RNG k–ε, k–ω, also, the large-eddy simulation (LES) models, to assess their performance to simulate flow over the spillway. The Flow-3d software with the volume-of-fluid (VOF) algorithm is applied to obtain the free surface for each turbulence model. The results of the analysis show that the LES model yielded better results when compared with laboratory results, while the turbulence closure models result of Reynold average Navier Stocks equations (RANS) was more stable, especially standard k-ɛ and RNG models.
AbstractThis work presents the study of water flow through a packed bed containing spherical glass particles distributed randomly. The packed bed was 7.62 cm in diameter and 57 cm long. The glass particles were 0.42, 0.50, 0.61, 0.79 and 1.01 cm in diameter. Different flow rates of fluid were used which expressed by modified Reynolds number. The experiments were carried out at laboratory temperatures at city water temperature (25◦C) for water flow. Many variables were studied in this work such as fluid type, flow rate and the packing porosity, in order to study the effect of these variables on the pressure drop and friction factor. The results showed that the pressure drop through a packed bed is highly sensitive to the packing porosity which has a significant effect on the friction factor. It was found that as the bed porosity increases the friction factor values as well as the pressure drop values decrease.Empirical correlation for friction factor as a function of Reynolds number for water flow through packed of mono size packing has been made, and can be written as follows: The correlation coefficient was 0.97406 and percentage of average errors was 2.44%.
The current study includes application of QUAL2K model to predict the dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) of lower reach of the Diyala River in a stretch of 16.90km using hydraulic and water quality data collected from Ministry of Water Resources for the period (January-April 2014). Google Earth and Arc-GIS technique were used in this study as supported tools to provide some QUAL2K input hydro-geometric data. The model parameters were calibrated for the dry flow period by trial and error until the simulated results agreed well with the observed data. The model performance was measured using different statistical criteria such as mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and relative error (RE). The results showed that the simulated values were in good agreement with the observed values. Model output for calibration showed that DO and CBOD concentration were not within the allowable limits for preserving the ecological health of the river with range values (2.51 - 4.80 mg/L) and (18.75 – 25.10 mg/L) respectively. Moreover, QUAL2K was used to simulate different scenarios (pollution loads modification, flow augmentation and local oxygenation) in order to manage the water quality during critical period (low flow), and to preserve the minimum requirement of DO concentration in the river. The scenarios results showed the pollution loads modification and local oxygenation are effective in raising DO levels. While flow augmentation does not give significant results in which the level of DO decrease even with reduction in the BOD5 for point sources. The combination of wastewater modification and local oxygenation (BOD5 of the discharged effluent from point sources should not exceed 15 mg/L and weir construction at critical positions 6.67km from the beginning of the study region with 1m height) is necessary to ensure minimum DO concentrations.
Hydrodynamic modeling of viscous flow in porous media was investigated for fourselected filter media crushed silica, crushed anthracite coal, glass beads and crushed garnet.Typical constants that can be used to estimate head loss for some of the most common designof granular media filters were correlated. The effect of several parameters such as porosity(35%-60%) , temperature(20oC-80oC) and media grain size (0.5-2mm) was studied. Empiricalrelationships were developed using a plot of friction vs. Reynolds number similar to those thathad been successfully used for the flow of fluids in pipes. Analytical models were made todevelop an equation for viscous turbulent flow in porous media from first hydraulic principles.Empirical equation was developed to predict pressure drop in porous media as a function ofbed porosity and evaluated the friction factor as a function to flow type.
In this study practical tests for thermal conductivity are done on twenty one specimens for seven types of cement mortar contains different types of cement available in local markets for Kirkuk city in the same standard conditions. Heat flow amounts within the specimens are calculated using Fourier law for conduction. Comparison between practical results and theoretical values depended in references for calculating thermal loads in concrete walls gave good agreement. Test results for specimen No. (7) for cement of Al-Sulaimanya company gave minimum value for thermal conductivity, which was (1.162 W/m.oC), and maximum value was for specimen No. (4) for Iranian cement, which was (1.55 W/m.oC) and for specimen No. (3) for cement of Bazian company, which was (1.52 W/m.oC). Results of thermal conductivity for all the other specimens were within the depended theoretical value. Minimum heat flow within the material was for specimen No. (7) for cement of Al-Sulaimanya company, while maximum value was for specimen No. (4) for Iranian cement. Key words: thermal conductivity test, cement, mortar, heat flow, Fourier law for conduction.
The frequency of accidents, as well as statistical models of accident frequency, are often used as a foundation for prioritizing improvements to roadway safety by several transportation organizations. However, the use of accident severities in safety programming has frequently been restricted to the locational assessment of accident fatalities, with little or no emphasis being placed on the full severity distribution of accidents (slight damage, serious damage) which is required in order to properly evaluate the advantages of several competing efforts aimed at improving safety. Within the scope of this research, we provide a sufficient modeling technique that may be used to get a better understanding of the accident severity level that occur on highway segments, as well as the influence of traffic characteristics such as annual daily flow, percentage of heavy vehicle and free flow speed. The modeling approach that used in this research (random parameters model) provides the possibility that the estimated values of the model parameters might differ from one road segment to another to account the heterogeneity of the independent variables. The estimated random parameters models are developed using accident severity data and traffic characteristics data that obtained from Fallujha – Al-Qaeam rural multilane road in Al-Anbar province, Iraq. The results of the estimated results suggest annual daily flow, percentage of heavy vehicle and free flow speed all have significant effect on the accident severity level. For the purpose of prioritizing highway safety improvements, a number of government transportation authority’s base their decisions on accident rates and statistical models of accident rates. The random parameters models have been shown to have significant potential for use as a sufficient method in the programming of highway safety.
This study was conducted to examine the impact of plastic fibers (WPFs) in an effort to improve some of the features of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using Iraqi raw materials. Waste polyethylene terephthalate fibers (waste PET fibers) from used beverage bottles were added. Some tests were carried out to determine the effects of adding WPFs on the fresh properties of new concrete, while additional tests examined the mechanical properties of hardened concrete. Because of this, self-compacting concrete blends were created with a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.32 and a binder content of 525 kg/m3. The designated plastic fiber percentages contents were 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% of mix volume. Self-compacting concrete mixtures' fresh characteristics were assessed for slump flow diameter, T50 slump flow concurrently, V-funnel flow concurrently, and L-box height ratio. The 28-day density, compressive strengths and flexural strength of self-compacting concretes were also measured. The use of plastic waste fibers had a slight effect on reducing the density of the produced concrete and a negative effect on the fresh properties. The compressive strengths were improved by using WPFs, with the maximum improvement equal to (11.065%) when compared to those made from the reference mix
ABSTRACT This research models the relationship between traffic characteristics and lane position on a six-lane divided highway. Both macroscopic and microscopic models were developed to analyze speed-density, speed-flow, and flow-density relationships for each lane, using linear and nonlinear approaches. Additionally, microscopic models were created to investigate speed-spacing, speed-headway, and headway-spacing relationships. Data was gathered using video recordings and radar speed guns, and traditional methods were applied to calculate density and spacing distance, which are typically challenging to measure in the field. Microsoft Excel and SPSS ver.26 software were utilized for analysis. The coefficient of determination (R-square) and the chi-square test were employed to assess the goodness of fit for the models. The results indicated no significant differences between the predicted and observed data, demonstrating critical traffic characteristics and providing insights into vehicular and driver behavior. These models can be utilized to identify various parameters of traffic characteristics in future studies on the examined highway.
AbstractSemi-empirical equation for water flow through packed bed of sphere particles of mono size packing system has been estimated depending on Buckingham theorem. Different parameters affecting the pressure drop of fluid flow through packed bed have been studied. These parameters are fluid velocity, bed porosity, bed diameter, sphericity, particle diameter, packing height and wall effect. Several types and kinds of packing materials have been used in this study such as (Pea Gravel, Marbles, Glass Marbles, Black Marbles, Clear Marbles, Acrylic balls and Glass spheres). The diameters of the packing materials used in this model are from the range of (0.2-8.89) cm, the porosity is from the range of (0.3-0.47), the bed diameters is from the range of (7.62 - 15.24) cm and the height of packing is from the range of (26.03 - 55.88) cm. πThe results of all calculations for the estimated equations have been compared with many documented experimental literatures. This comparison gave a very good agreement, and has been represented in curves. The results from Ergun equation using similar conditions have been represented in the curves for the sake of comparison.
Traffic control devices notify road users of regulations and provide warning and guidance needed for safe, uniform, and efficient operation of all elements of the traffic stream. Traffic control devices have been a part of the roadway system. Researches have evaluated various aspects of the design, operation, placement, and maintenance of traffic control devices. The purpose of this research is to develop a simulation model in order to evaluate the effect of overhead sign position on the traffic performance at exit of freeway weaving area. To achieve that subroutine was developed and added to FWASIM program to compute the sign position and compare it with the driver sight distance. Following that a proposed example represents an exit weaving area was examined with different traffic flow configuration (different percentages of link flow and on-ramp flow) with respect to no sign installed and other three sign positions. Results indicate that the average traffic speed is underestimated when there is no sign installed, while no significant effect is shown when the sign position is changed within the driver sight distance. In conclusion Guide signing is a critical element in the effective, efficient and safe operation of motorways and expressways. Signing issues must, therefore, be fully considered at the feasibility stage of any project.
Local scour is a primary reason for bridge collapse, presenting a complex challenge due to the numerous factors influencing its occurrence. The complexity of local scour increases with clay-sand beds, particularly in predicting scour depth, as empirical equations are inadequate for such calculations. This study aims to predict local scour around cylindrical bridge piers in clay-sand beds using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The ANN model was developed using 264 observations from various laboratory experiments. Eight variables were included in the ANN model: clay fraction, pier diameter, flow depth, flow velocity, critical sediment velocity, sediment particle size, bed shear strength, and pier Reynolds number. Sensitivity and statistical analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of each variable and the accuracy of the ANN model in predicting local scour depth in clay-sand beds. The findings indicate that the ANN model predicted local scour with high accuracy, achieving a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 14.6%. All dimensional variables significantly influenced the prediction of local scour depth, particularly clay fraction and bed shear strength, which were identified as the most crucial parameters. Finally, the MAPE values for local scour depth calculated using empirical equations were significantly higher than those for the ANN model, leading to an overestimation of local scour depth by the empirical equations.
This research includes study the effect of fineness upon physical properties of cement mortar where use ordinary Portland cement with fineness (300 m2/kg) as reference mixture which denoted by symbol (M1), and then produce with flowing fineness (350,400,450 and 500 m2/kg) which denoted by ( M2, M3, M4, M5 ) respectively . The results of study show that increasing in fineness makes an increase in water quantity that requires for consistence of standard paste and the ratio of above mixes with reference mixture (2%,5%,7%,11%)respectively, although the increasing in density for all ages and increasing in compressive strength in early age, the increasing ratio in 3 days age was ( 45% , 50% , 60% , 70%)respectively .this increasing in fineness makes increasing in ratio of flow as compared with reference mix(16%, 25%, 50%, 66%) respectively
This research aims to study sediment discharges in Al Anbar Thermal Power Station in two phases the first phases include a follow-up study sediment load from the river by taking samples at different depths and different discharges, and noted measurements, calculations for each section while the second phases included an account of the tonnage of river sediment through the program depends on the equation of Meyer, to five sections (18, 26, 35.43, 45) with the observation results and do a comparison between the two phases. Research has included also employ technology of remote sensing and geographic information system GIS in the study of the waters of the Euphrates at thermal power plant after an analytical study was taken amount sediment and size in the study area and then link results with the geographic information system GIS for the purpose of producing layers represent the nature of the spatial distribution of these Sediments on the entire study area and the aerial imagery of software Google Earth with the use of the program (Arc view), one of the geographic information system software. The research concluded give recommendations for controlling the movement of sediment when the at Al Anbar Thermal Power Station Outlet through two main axes of them increase the flow velocity exceeds the critical velocity and the other includes the disposal of sediments away from the site of the station outlet.
One of the most important hydraulic structures which are used in irrigation systems are the broad crested weirs, which can be defined as a vertical barrier in a canal or tank side in which the water may flow freely. This weir can be used to measure the discharge and to raise the water level in the upstream. In this study the effect of longitudinal section on streamlined flow over broad crested weir has been investigated. Loss in energy, working efficiency and the coefficient of discharge have been considered. Experimental study carried out using (25) samples with six different hydraulic heads. The analysis of results indicate that the coefficient of discharge (Cd) increases with increasing Froud Number (Fr) and the most effective slope of upstream and downstream faces of the weir wear (45°) and (60°) respectively, at which the coefficient of discharge demonstrated was (0.644
AbstractThis study aims to investigate the properties of SCC produced by locally availablematerials , and attempts have been made to increase the range of grading of fineaggregate, with fineness modulus ranging from (1.5 to 4.1) , and to study the effect of themaximum size of coarse aggregate . It also aims to study the influence of High ReactivityMetakaolin (HRM) as a partial replacement by weight of cement on the properties of freshand hardened SCC, 24 different mixes of SCC are prepared .8 mixes are considered asReference mixes which are used for comparison purposes. To determine the workability,different test methods were adopted such as slump flow, V-funnel, and L-box tests. Whenfineness modulus of fine aggregate and maximum size of coarse aggregate increase,flowability, passing ability and segregation resistance decrease as compared with smallmaximum size of aggregate and other fineness modulus. Further more, the inclusion of10% HRM as a partial replacement by weight of cement leads to decrease flow ability andincrease of viscosity. The fineness modulus (3.1) of fine aggregate gives better resultsthan other fineness modulus. The results obtained from this study, also show that it ispossible to produce SCC from local available materials which satisfy the requirement ofthis type of concrete. Moreover, the results show the possibility of using different gradingof fine aggregate with fineness modulus ranging from (1.5 to 4.1) and the effect ofchange in fineness modulus is not significant on hardened concrete properties , while it ismore significant on fresh concrete properties .
Scour around bridge piers is a well-known threat to bridge stability worldwide. It can cause losses in lives and the economy, especially during floods. Therefore, an artificial intelligence approach called artificial neural network (ANN) was used to predict the scour depth around bridge piers. The ANN model was trained with laboratory data, including pier width, flow velocity, particle diameter, sediment critical velocity, flow depth, and scour depth. The data was divided into 70% for training, 15 for validation, and 15% for testing. Besides, the ANN model was trained using various training algrthins and a single hidden layer with 20 neurons in the hidden layer. The results showed that the ANN model with Bayesian regularization backpropagation training algorithm provides a better predicted scour depth with a correlation coefficient (R) equal to 0. 9692 and 0.926 for training and test stages, respectively. Besides, it showed a low mean squared error (MSE), which was 0.0034 for training and 0.0066 for the test. These results were slightly better than the ANN with Levenberg-Marquardt backpropagation with R training equals 0.9552 (MSE training = 0.0047), and R test equals 0.838 (MSE test = 0.007).On the other hand, the ANN model with a scaled conjugate gradient backpropagation training algorithm showed worse predictions (R training = 0.7407 and R test = 0.6409). Besides, the ANN model shows better outcomes than the linear regression model. Finally, the sensitivity analysis has shown that the pier width is the most crucial parameter for estimating scour depth using the ANN model.
Estimation of runoff in an ungauged watershed is a significant part in the process of the water resources management. In the Iraqi western desert, the accessibility reliable surface runoff knowledge is scarce, that affects a critical difficulty for the hydrologic engineers. Estimation of surface runoff quantity in valleys of interrupted flow is significant to mobilize the deficiency water resources and manage valleys flow accurately. The incorporation of the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) approach with the geographic information system (GIS) was applied for estimating runoff volume of Wadi Hijlan, Fahamy, and Zgadan. The amount of runoff of the maximum storm were 7388700 m3, 12750000 m3 and 9851590 m3 for Hijlan, Fahamy and Zgadan respectively. In addition, the results showed acquired via the SCS-CN technique, revealed that the runoff depth fluctuated from 12.5 mm to 20.3 mm for (48mm) the maximum storm of rainfall through 2018-2019. The present strategy can be used for planning and development other valleys in the western desert of Iraq.
The current research’s purpose is to examine how Ultra-High Performance Fiber Concrete (UHPFC) holds up in terms of strength and durability for strengthening purposes. For this reason, the experimental and the theoretical studies in this research attempted to assess different fresh and hardened properties of a variety of ultra-high performance combinations. Steel fibers were utilized to differentiate all of the program's combinations at percentages of 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 0.75 %, 1%, and 1.25 % by volume. Mini flow slump, compressive and flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, water absorption, and porosity tests were all used to examine the performance of the strength and durability of the material. The findings of this study's trials showed that steel fibers increased the strength of UHPFC. The steel fiber ratio of 1% gave the maximum compressive strength, whereas 1.25 percent yielded the highest flexural strength. Because the fibers function as a bridge, preventing internal breaking, the tensile test results were improved as the proportion of steel fiber rises. Through the use of the multi-objective optimization approach, the optimal ratio of fibers was chosen at the end of the laboratory work since it has the best durability and strength characteristics. Statistical software (Minitab 2018) was used to find the optimal combination of UHPFC that meets all of the requirements. The theoretical selected optimum ratio of 0.77% of fibers obtained from the optimization was evaluated and validated experimentally. The optimized mix provided 90.28 MPa, 14.6 MPa, and 20.2 MPa for compressive, splitting tensile and flexural tests respectively with better durability performance compared to other mixes prepared in this investigation.
This paper presents and discuses some properties of self-compacting concrete SCC containing optimum contents of different types of cement replacement materials CRMs like fly ah, silica fume and limestone powder. The purpose is to evaluate the performance of SCC mixtures to choose the best one for strengthening purposes of corroded reinforcement concrete beams. In a preliminary work, the theoretical optimum contents of the above materials were specified using statistical program (Minitab) and they were verified experimentally. This verification based on checking fresh properties such as slump flow, T500, L-box and segregation resistance as well as compressive strength. The optimum contents of CRMs: 14% fly ash, 19% limestone, 18% silica fume plus fly ash and 11% silica fume were selected and studied. Compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths were examined, as well as the modulus of elasticity, water absorption and porosity (which reflect the related durability properties) were examined. Test results show that the optimum verified theoretical percentage of a combination of fly ash and silica fume, at 18% by weight of cement with a fixed water-binder ratio of 0.33 showed the best overall performance. It was deduced that this SCC mix gave the highest mechanical properties and the lowest porosity and water absorption. For example, the compressive strength increased by 36.25% as compared to SCC mix containing limestone powder. Further, the porosity and water absorption decreased by 120.8% and 164% respectively as compared to the above same SCC mix. Thus, it could be used for strengthening purpose of corroded RC beams.
A BSTRACT: Leaching effects on permeability and compressibility characteristics of undisturbed sandy gypseous soil were investigated in this study. Time, stress level, strain, leachate condition and flow velocity were considered. The loading, leaching and permeability measurements were carried out utilizing the constant head pereameter with special modifications. Test results show that salt leaching and thereby leaching strain is a time dependent process. Also as leaching strain continued coefficient of permeability decreases.
Activated sludge process is considered one of the most common and highly effective methods used in aerobically biological treatment systems. The design of such systems is usually based on the biological kinetic approach considerations. The present study is concerned in determining the biological kinetic of the last part of Diyala River at AL-Rustimiyah WWTP's, Baghdad, Iraq. A completely mixed continuous flow lab-scale reactor without recycling was used for this purpose. Various detention times were adopted during the experimental work ranging from 0.723 to 3.809 days. Influent and effluent BOD5, MLVSS and MLSS for the aeration tank, among other tests were performed at different detention times, after reaching the steady state conditions, in order to generate the required data for bio-kinetic coefficients. The biological kinetics k, Y, Kd, and Ks for the last part of Diyala River at AL-Rustimiyah WWTP's were found to be 5.68 d-1, 0.75, 0.06 d-1, and 70 mg/l, respectively. These values were compared with the bio-kinetics of different types of wastes and were found to be within the typical ranges of bio-kinetic parameters for activated sludge process treating domestic wastewater, which indicates that the water at the river reach of interest is rather wastewater than pure river water.
Traffic movement is considered a compound phenomenon that is impacted by behavioural, economic, and physical aspects. It is performed within the context of an urban system that consists of road networks and crossings, where the movement crouches to depend. The measuring of identifying their size and densities and current problems helps to Improve and development for roads and streets network existing and important is intersections for purposes the accessibility, potentiality of future intersections, and network development towards constructing a composition to raise the quality and the efficient performance of roads and streets. The study was dependent on a traffic survey for intersections, areas of urban intersections, and the road network of Al-Ramadi city, as well as the number of vehicles that generated a large volume of traffic flow. The use of the program (HCS 2010) to detect appropriate for purposes decreasing traffic congestion and delayed trip time in the areas based on existing and future districts that generate different types and purposes of journeys to lessen the delay trip time to lessen traffic congestion. Therefore, research looks at both sides: first, a study of the existing intersections of the main road network and urban streets, including an examination of the components and shapes of these intersections in the study area; second, an examination of the importance placed on these intersections by the planning and design process.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber is a green-friendly fiber that is capable of enhancing the mechanical properties of wet-mixing shotcrete. The main purpose of this study is to see how varied volumes of waste plastic fibers (WPF) affect the flowability and mechanical properties of wet-mix shotcrete. For this aim, a variety of experimental tests based on WPF content were chosen. Fresh and mechanical tests included slump, T500, density, compressive strength, and splitting strength were applied. The results shown a improved in shotcrete performance as the WPF content increased. Among all fitting correlations, density and compressive strength revealed the strongest linear ship association. Due to greater interlocking between WPF and concrete matrix, WPF was a major use in enhancing splitting tensile strength. WPF had the most influence on splitting strength, with 23–31 percent, 7–23 percent, and 6–38 percent for 7, 14, and 28-day, respectively.
Secondary clarifiers form a crucial component in gravity separation processes mainly in solid-liquid separation. They perform the crucial process of separating the activated sludge from the clarified effluent and also to concentrate the settled sludge. As treatment plants receive increasingly high wastewater flow, conventional sedimentation tanks suffer from overloading problems which result in poor performance. Inlet baffle modification by using an energy dissipating inlet (EDI) was proposed to enhance the performance in the circular clarifiers in Al-Dewanyia wastewater treatment plant. A 3-Dimensional fully mass conservative clarifier model was applied to evaluate proposed tank modification and to estimate the maximum capacity of the existing and modified clarifiers. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was formulated to describe tank performance and design parameters were obtained based on the experimental results. The study revealed that velocity and SS are better parameters than TS, BOD5, and COD to evaluate the performance of sedimentation tanks. Removal efficiencies of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand were higher in the EDI (Baffle).
Adding fibers to the shotcrete concrete mixes is very important to increase the load carrying capacity, toughness, and reducing crack propagations by bridging the cracks. On the other hand, this fiber has an effect on the fresh and hardened properties of shotcrete. In this study, fresh properties evaluated by using slump flow, , and segregation resistance tests. Hardened properties included testing of air voids, dry density, water absorption, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, and flexural strength. This works including two types of fibers in three forms (waste plastic (PET)fibers only, polypropylene fibers (PP) only, and hybrid fiber (PET and PP)), each form added by three percentages (0.35%, 0.7%, and 1%) by volume.The results showed that the addition of 1% of all types of fiber has a negative impact on fresh properties. Especially in shotcrete containing waste plastic fiber. Also, all specimens containing fibers showed a decrease in the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and an increase in air voids and water absorption compared to the reference specimens. Also, the results clarify that the addition of waste plastic fiber to shotcrete led to a slight decrease in dry density. The highest increasing in compressive strength of shotcrete recorded by about 8.2% with using 0.35% PP fiber and highest decreasing was 20.9% with using 1% waste plastic fiber. the highest increasing in flexural strength was 62 with using 1% PP fibers.
This study presents an experimental research of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) properties containing waste plastic fibers (WPF). Adding waste plastics which resulting from cutting PET bottles as fibers to SCC with aspect ratio (l/d) equal to (28). To illustrate the effects of WPFs on the SCC, the current study was divided into two parts, the first part shows the effect of adding plastic fibers on the properties of fresh SCC, which include the ability flow, spread, passing and resistance to segregation, and the second part to evaluate the properties of hardened (mechanical) destructive and non-destructive, which include compression strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity test. One reference concrete mix was conducted and eight mixes contain WPF has been producing self-compacting concrete mixers containing a different volumetric ratio of plastic fibers (Vf) % percentages (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2) %. Three cubes samples were prepared for testing the compressive strength, three prisms were prepared for the test modules of rupture, one cylinder were prepared testing the modulus of elasticity. The experiments show that adding plastic fibers to SCC leads to an increase in the compression strength and modulus of rupture at 28-day as follows (42.30)% and (73.12)% respectively for mix ratio (1.5)% in comparison with the reference mix, which represent the best ratio of fibers, as such the results of testing the fresh concrete containing waste fibers showed that adding these fibers led a reduction in workability for SCC.
The problem of discarded tires has received a lot of attention from many authors. Incorporation of rubber aggregate recycled from waste tires is one of the solutions to this issue. This research is based on evaluating fresh and hardened properties such as slump flow, T500, segregation resistance, and L-box tests, compressive strength, impact resistance, and flexural toughness. Rubber aggregate replacements in the self-compact concrete mixes was 10% by volume of fine aggregate. Additionally, both PET and steel fibers are utilized at a volume rate of 0.25%.The outcomes indicate that introducing rubber declines rheological and hardened properties, whereas incorporating hybrid fibers enhances hardened properties such as compressive strength, impact energy, and flexural toughness. The best increase impact energy was obtained at roughly 166.6% when 0.25% hybrid fibers and 10% rubber were used. 74.21 was the greatest increase in flexural toughness when 0.25% hybrid fibers (SCCH3) were used. As for the compressive strength, it was the highest by about 11%.
In recent years, Iraq suffers from exacerbation of the deficit of electrical energy as well as the great environmental pollution resulting from the use of traditional fuels. This called for serious thought to search for using clean and renewable energy sources may available in Iraq.In the present study; small hydropower (i.e. Archimedes screw turbine) are specifically used with a low head at Ramadi Barrage in Iraq. This type of small hydropower station is suitable to apply because not need high storage water or high head in Barrage. The power production in this technology depends on the parameters of the location in which it is placed such as (length L, angle of inclination α, Diameter D,….). The physical model of the Archimedes screw turbine is applied to determine the optimal α. The solid work package with a combination of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis by ANSYS have been used to simulate numerically a three dimensions model to determine the value of power that could be produced by the Archimedes turbine in the Ramadi Barrage. The turbine's performance are tested on two cases which represent low and high discharge investigations with different α (18⁰, 23⁰, 30⁰, 35⁰) based on different flow conditions and different water head between upstream and downstream of the barrage. The results showed that the maximum power production from the barrage is 280,000 watts with α=35° and efficiency η=89.9% for case 1; while; this power becomes 400,000 watts with α=30° but of efficiency η=84.9% for case 2. It is concluded from this research that power production from Ramadi Barrage could be investment to eliminate the deficit in the electrical energy in Iraq.
In this paper three material with equal amount have been chosen to make a mixture, these materials are sand (passing sieve no. 1.18, porosity 0.41), activated carbon (passing sieve no. 4.75, porosity 0.51), crushed bricks (passing sieve no. 20, porosity 0.47), the mixture was used as a bio-filtering media , placed to a height of (1.15) m in a cylindrical filter with diameter of (300)mm and a height of (2)m which is designed and constructed from (PVC). The filter is equipped with three piezometers fixed at three point along the height of the cylindrical filter, in addition to three overflows at different height, and an outlet with control valve. On May 2010 the filter was operated with a synthetic wastewater similar to domestic sewage in order to determine the hydraulic and sanitary characteristics of the filter. Then the feeding of waste water was continued for 3 weeks in order to stimulate the growth of bio-film. On June 2010 the filter was operated with gray water to determine the change in filter characteristics after the bio-film growth, and to evaluate filter efficiency to treat this water for the purpose of reuse. The outcome of this work showed that the mixed media bio-filter, to a certain extent, is similar in hydraulic characteristics (pressure drop and hydraulic load) to granular activated carbon bio-filter, head loss at (1000) mm depth is (59%) of initial pressure, the growth of bio-film leads to increase in head loss by (43%), decrease in flow by (25|%), decrease in pressure by (16%). According to removal efficiency of pollutants, the results shows an efficient removal of BOD5 (86%), turbidity (96%), TDS (81%) at a retention time (60 minute).
This main aim of this study is evaluate wide range of fresh and hardened properties of sustainable self-compacting concrete containing various types of Cement Replacement Materials with optimum contents of Polyethylene Terephthalate PET waste plastic as fibers and fine aggregate replacement. This is to evaluate effect of the two forms of PET and to determine the best CRMs could be used with sustainable SCC. such as limestone, glass powder and fly ash with high replacement rate of 70% by weight of cement were used while fourth one (kaolin) was used with replacement rate of 20%. PET fibers were added to SCC with an aspect ratio of 24.4 and 0.7% volume fraction whereas fine aggregate partially replaced by 4% of waste plastic. Four reference mixtures contained FA, LP, GP and KA only, same four mixtures contained 0.7% PET fibers by volume, and the other same four mixtures contained 4% PET fine aggregate by volume. The obtained results all tested fresh properties, which include slump flow, T500, L-Box and segregation resistance were within the limits of the specification reported in EFNERC guidelines. Further, the forms PET have an adverse effect fresh properties of SCC. As for hardened properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength). Further, this produced type of SCC showed an range of compressive strength (15.2-31.64 MPa) at 28 days. It can be from the current study the best CRMs to be used in SCC containing PET wastes was FA in terms of most tested properties.
Multilane highways typically are located in suburban communities, leading into central cities, or along high-volume rural corridors connecting two cities or significant activities that generate a substantial number of daily trips. The objectives of the present study include the analysis, and evaluation the level of service (LOS) on section for multilane highway in Ramadi city. The LOS multilane highway is based on density, which is calculated by dividing per lane flow by speed. The required traffic and geometrical data has been collected through field surveys on the section for multilane highway. Traffic volume data were collected manually and classified by vehicles types during each 15 minute interval. Highway Capacity Software 2000 (HCS 2000) program is used for the requirements of traffic analysis process to determine the level of service. It has concluded that the level of service on selected section for east bound is (A), and for west bound is (B).
Abstract :The increase in traffic volumes at intersections is one of the important problems thatmakes difficulties in the traffic operation management and movement then leads to trafficcongestion in these facilities.Capacity and level of service are important considerations and control points for theanalysis of intersections and evaluate the operation of the intersection.The present paper is dealing with the objectives of the evaluation of the capacity and thelevel of service at Al-Mat'haf square in Baghdad City, and development of alternativeimprovement strategies to overcome the traffic operation problems and to present a bestproposal to enhance the performance from the capacity point of view.To achieve these objectives, the traffic volumes data collection and geometric layout forAl-Mat'haf square that required for the traffic and geometrical analysis were gatheredmanually, while SIDRA traffic program is used for the requirements of traffic analysisprocess.It has been concluded that, fly over connect the direction arrived from Al-Tajneedintersection towards Damascus square is the best proposal to improve the capacity andtraffic operation ability of Al-Mat'haf squareKeywordsTraffic Capacity, Traffic Operation, Level of Service (LOS), Saturation Flow
Transport is a vital part of urban life and a foundation for society's growth. It is a wonderful indication of the growth and development of cities. It protects the free flow of people, commodities and the economy. . Despite the great advancement in technology, it still has many difficulties in developed and developing nations, particularly in our country, such as environmental issues, where congestion leads to traffic pollution, noise and a rise in cars which is a problem in itself.. So transportation is an issue. And it became a subject of attention, requiring consideration of sustainability in the planning and development of transportation systems. Ramadi has been chosen as a model in this study because of its significant impact on sustainable development and the approach that thins our study. Using the data from the study area, which included 27 neighbourhoods, were analyzed by the SPSS statistical program , the results showed that the indicators of the environmental dimension had a direct and strong relationship. For Ramadi and other Iraqi cities, a sustainable development system may be developed based on based on the two indicators of pollution and green areas (0.794 and 0.776), on which a choice can be made about sustainable urban environmental transport.
Capacity and level of service are the control points of the analysis of intersections and must be fully considered to evaluate the overall operator of the intersection. The objectives of the present study include the analysis, evaluation and improvement of the operation for Stadium Intersection in Samawah city and to present the best proposal to enhance the performance from the capacity point of view. To achieve these objectives, the estimated distribution of the traffic data in different directions that required for the traffic and geometrical analysis were gathered manually, while HCS traffic program is used for the requirements of traffic analysis process. It has been concluded that the flyover between Al-Zwaid Street – Stadium Street (Proposal No.5) is the best proposal to improve the operation ability of Stadium Intersection.
ABSTRACT. Hospitals pose a significant risk to human health due to the contamination of their environment with chemical elements. Exposure to these elements can have adverse health effects, such as neurological and developmental problems, cancer, and endocrine disruptors. To prevent and mitigate the risks associated with contamination, it is important to identify and control the sources of contamination. This study intends to investigate how chemical elements are contaminating hospitals, including the sources of contamination, possible health impacts of exposure, and preventative and remedial actions that may be done to lessen the dangers. To reach the aims of this study, water samples from three different spots at two different seasons (winter and summer) of the water flow through the hospitals (Hospital water on its first entry inside, Wastewater after use inside and around the hospital and Wastewater after passing through the treatment unit inside the hospital) have been collected. Magnetic suspended matter (TS), Total materials (T.D.S), Electrical Conductivity, and Turbidity tests have been done to the collected water samples. Additionally, heavy materials have been detected in the collected samples. The results showed that the pH function increased slightly and insignificantly for the alkaline after using the water, while the water conductivity, Alkalinit, hardness, and percentage of suspended solids (T.S.S) and dissolved solids (TDS) reached the highest in wastewater. From the results of this study, we can conclude that the stages of treatment are slow and inefficient.
This study is the second stage of the paper “Study the Effect of Rubber Silicon on Physical Properties of Asphalt Cement”. This study took the effect of additives on asphalt mixture performance. Asphalt mixture has been designed by Marshall method for determining the optimum asphalt content and geophysics properties of mix according to ASTM (D- 1559 ). Rubber silicon at different percentage (1%, 2%, 3% and 5%) was added to asphalt binder and three specimens of asphalt rubber silicon mixture (ARSM) are prepared and evaluating according to Marshall method. Diametric tensile creep test ASTM (D-1075) at 60 Co used to evaluating permanent deformation and modulus of elasticity for ARSM. The study shown that the Rubber-Silicon has more effects increasing the marshal stability, air voids, and reducing the flow and bulk density compared with the original mix.. Increase the flexibility properties of the mix and this appear from reducing the permeate deformation at test temperature (60C), the reduction percent is about (30 to 70)%
Construction delays are common problems in civil engineering projects in Arab countries. Because of the importance of this problem, the study reviewed many studies that dealt with the topic of delay in the construction projects of their countries.The study included the delay in projects in Iraq. Jorden, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Yemen, Egypt, Sudan, Algeria and Morocco. The projects included infrastructure facilities, public buildings, housing complexes, water treatment plants, sports facilities, water supply, roads. Quantitative method via a structured questionnaire was implemented in all these studies, the questionnaires were distributed to experienced project parties such as the owner, contractor, consultant and other parties. The relative importance method was used to analyze the results of the questionnaire to obtain the highest ten or five factors with the highest rank which cause delay. The results showed that the groups of contractor and owner has the highest percentage and were repeated several times compared to the rest of the groups.The top five factors causing delay of construction projects in Arab countries are, problems of cash flow and financial by owner, difficulties in financing the project by the contractor, Poor site management and supervision of the contractor, selecting the contractor who has the lowest bid and ineffective planning and scheduling by contractors
The Gaza Strip in general, and the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG) in particular, are plagued by a lack of parking places, a lack of management and efficient usage of parking spaces, and illegal vehicle parking. This resulted in lost time and effort, besides traffic congestion. The study's goal is to provide a plan for implementing a Smart Parking System, which manages the parking spots on the IUG campus. To accomplish this goal, the researchers have identified the parking problems that face drivers at IUG, and then they have studied the impact of implementing the Smart Parking System. Researchers have used questionnaires to collect the raw data as one of the important tools in the field of survey. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), as a useful tool for statistical analysis. The first results was the number of parking spaces is 300, which is greater than the number of potential vehicles occupying the university parking spaces at peak hours. Therefore, the issue is not the number of parking places, but how they are used. The result of the questionnaire presents that a large majority of respondents agreed that the IUG campus suffers from a lack of parking spaces, especially in rush hour from 8-10 am. The results indicate that 65.7% of the respondents park their cars near their workplace/study at the campus parking spaces, and 72.6% of the respondents do not use parking spaces with modern technology before. While 92.6% of the respondents encourage parking with modern technologies. Smart Parking System has assisted to resolve the issue of locating a parking spot on the IUG campus, resulting in less traffic congestion and a better flow of traffic. The Smart Parking System can be applied to all of the IUG's parking spaces and in the Gaza strip cities in the future